GEODETIC AND CARTOGRAPHIC APPROACHES TO DETERMINING THE DEFORMATION OF BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES

Аннотация

Geodetic and cartographic methods play a crucial role in ensuring the stability and safety of buildings and structures. This study analyzes modern geodetic technologies used for detecting and monitoring structural deformations. The significance of automated geodetic monitoring systems, sensors, and data analysis algorithms is examined. Additionally, the use of satellite observations, drone imagery, and digital cartography for monitoring and analyzing structures is explored. This research highlights the importance of geodetic and cartographic advancements inensuring thelong-term stability and safety ofbuildings. Keywords: Geodesy, cartography, deformation monitoring, structural stability, digital cartography, satelliteobservation, droneimaging, automated geodetic systems. Ensuring the long-term stability of buildings and structures is one of the most important scientific and practical issues today. During the construction process, engineering and geodetic surveys play a crucial role by enabling the early detection of potential structural deformations. With the advancement of geodetic and cartographic methods, modern monitoring systems have emerged, expandingthe possibilitiesfor automated analysis and assessment. At present, the use of satellite observations, drone technologies, laser scanning, and digital cartography remains one of the most effective methods for monitoring structural deformations. These technologies enable real-time tracking of deformation processes in buildings, facilitate dataanalysis, and allowfortheearly prediction ofpotentially hazardous changes. In this context, the present study is dedicated to examining modern geodetic and cartographic methods used for detecting deformations in buildings and structures. The research analyzes key aspects of deformation monitoring, modern technologies, and the effectiveness of their application. 1.ScientificFoundations for Detecting Structural Deformations The deformation of buildings and structures directly affects their load-bearing capacity and long- term operational efficiency. The main factors causing deformation include: Geological processes (such as therise ofgroundwaterlevels andchanges insoildensity); Seismicimpacts and tectonic shifts; https://ijmri.de/index.php/jmsi volume 4,issue4,2025 737 Changes in thephysical and mechanical properties ofconstruction materials; Environmental factors (including temperature fluctuations, humidity, andwind pressure). Geodetic surveys enable the measurement of deformation parameters in structures, which is essential for ensuring theirsafety. 2.Modern Geodetic and Cartographic Methods The following modern technologies are widely used in the monitoring of structural deformations (Figure 1). Figure 1.Modern monitoring systems fordetecting structural deformations. SatelliteMonitoring. Satellite imagery enables the detection of ground movement and deformation dynamics of buildings and structures. Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) technology is one of themosteffective methods in thisfield, capable ofcapturing changes at themillimeterscale. LiDAR Technology and Laser Scanning LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) technology allows for precise and rapid monitoring of deformation processes in structures. Using laser beams, three-dimensional models are created, andchanges are observed in real time. Aerial Photogrammetry Using Drones https://ijmri.de/index.php/jmsi volume 4,issue4,2025 738 Drone technologies serve as an important tool for monitoring structural deformations by providing high-resolution images of buildings and structures. This method is more cost-effective andfaster compared to satelliteimagery, especiallyuseful inareas with complex terrain. Automated Geodetic Systems Automated monitoring systems are being implemented to track deformations of multi-story buildings in real time. These systems consist of continuously operating geodetic stations, motion sensors, and data processing software, enabling ongoing observation of deformation processes in structures. 3.MonitoringofStructural Deformations in theContextof Uzbekistan Several projects aimed at monitoring the deformations of buildings and structures are being implemented in Uzbekistan. In particular, monitoring activities using modern geodetic and cartographictechnologies are carried out in majorcities such as Tashkent and Samarkand. To ensure construction safety, the technical condition and deformation processes of structures aremonitored through thecountry’scadastral system. The Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan “On Land Cadastre” and other regulatory documents require systematic geodeticmonitoring ofbuildings and structures.