История водного хозяйства Узбекской ССР (1950-1990 годы)

Аннотация

Ключевые слова: В статье подробно освещена проблема состояния водное хозяйства, ирригации и мелиорации Узбекистана в условиях хлопковой хлопковая монокультура, монокультуры в 1950–1990 годах. Кроме того, на основе советское правительства, первоисточников, проанализированы мероприятия ирригационная система, землесос, Советского правительства, направленные на развитие совхоз, оросительной системы и их последствия. В этот период дренаж, основная цель развития ирригационно-мелиоративных коллектор, работ в республике была неразрывно связана с процессом целинные земли. освоения осушенных и целинных земель. During the years of Soviet power, the irrigation and melioration works were rapidly developed based on the essence of the cotton monopoly policy in Uzbekistan's agricultural sector. In the conditions of the cotton monopoly, further development of irrigation works in the republic, as well as uncontrolled irrigation of large cotton fields and inefficient use of water resources, gradually led to a serious problem, such as water shortage. The First President of the Republic of Uzbekistan gave an appropriate assessment of these processes: “Due to the monopoly of cotton, the scientifically based crop rotation system was broken, the land lost its productivity, and the lack of water resources increased” [1, P.19]. During the Soviet era, Uzbekistan was mainly specialized in growing cotton, which was turned into a base of raw materials, and 90 percent of the grown cotton was transported to the Center. Water and irrigation, which are the source of life, took the main place in the performance of these works. Due to the colonial features of the agrarian policy of the Soviet government, the irrigation and reclamation works were accelerated in the years after the Second World War. “The first post-war five-year (4th five-year) plan was successfully implemented, as a result of the implementation of the plan for the restoration and further development of the national economy in the republic, great progress was made in the development of cotton growing, which is considered the main branch of agriculture” [13.P.159]. At the same time, cotton was planted in large areas, and the harvest from them increased year by year. As a result of the rapid strengthening of the cotton monopoly under the strict control of the center, cotton cultivation areas have expanded even more. In 1946, the cotton area was 57,500 hectares, and in 1950, it expanded to 76,015 hectares. The gross yield of cotton increased from 55,647 tons to 128,472 tons [9, P.26]. However, the development of the cotton industry in this way also led to the problem of water shortage in some regions. In the post-war years, the successes and achievements in irrigation works only served collective farms. First of all, the water was used to irrigate cotton fields. Grain, vegetables, orchards, and other crops are supplied with water in the second place. Due to water scarcity, private households are left without water [12, P.45]. Of course, these processes were related to the so-called cotton monopoly policy of the Soviet government ruling at that time. As a result of the policy of cotton monopolies, which became more severe in the 50s of the 20th century, the size of cultivated areas expanded gradually. Cultivated areas increased mainly due to the development of reserves and gray lands in the republic. 23 Жамият ва инновациялар – Общество и инновации – Society and innovations Issue – 6 № 3 (2025) / ISSN 2181-1415 Special attention was paid to irrigation works in the acquired lands. In 1950, there were 253,000 hectares of land suitable for irrigated agriculture in the Surkhandarya region of the Uzbek SSR, of which 130,000 hectares were irrigated [17, P.28]. The irrigated lands in other regions of the republic were also prepared in terms of irrigation and melioration. In particular, in 1951, excavation works were carried out in the field of irrigation and melioration works of the Tashkent region in the volume of 19,378,0 thousand cubic meters, and 2,221 hectares of protected lands were prepared for irrigation and melioration, and 496,500 were excavated [3, P.139]. In the Andijan region, only 9.1% of the plan for irrigation and reclamation work was completed until January 24, 1951. According to the 1961 production and financial plan, 5,970 tons of cotton were grown in the “Communizm” collective farm belonging to the Shahrikhan village council of Shahrikhan district, and by 1962, 6,599 tons of cotton were produced. It is known from the given figures that cotton cultivation in the district has been increasing year by year. Several decisions and orders were issued by the Soviet government to develop and expand irrigation works in Uzbekistan. In particular, on February 8, 1951, the Council of Ministers of the Uzbek SSR issued Resolution No. 234 “On preparing irrigation systems for the spring of 1951” [15, P.79]. In the text of this decision, it was noted that the preparation of irrigation s