MODERN TREATMENT OF LONG TONE FRACTURES IN DOGS

Аннотация

The study of bone fractures in dogs due to various causes, their correction with various surgical methods, the study of differences in the time of bone healing in dogs of different ages, the preparation of dogs before surgery and the care of dogs after surgery, the analysis of literature data and scientific research based on them were conducted. Experimental, comparative, microscopic, surgical examination methods were widely used in this. Based on the data obtained, new methods were used to organize modern measures for the treatment of the disease. Keywords : osteosynthesis, conservative rickets, osteomalacia, intramedullary osteosynthesis, extrafocal osteosynthesis, combined osteosynthesis, fractures of flat bones, tubular bones: epiphyseal, diaphyseal, metaphyseal . Relevance of the topic. Current The number of pets is increasing every day, and dogs occupy one of the first places among them. At the same time, new canine centers are emerging, private veterinary services are developing further, and medical institutions and clinics are opening. In the coming years, as a result of the increase in the number of dogs in households, in order to reduce dog injuries, the development of surgical infections and purulent diseases, it is necessary to introduce surgical operations, blood transfusion methods, tissue therapy, the use of laser and ultrasound devices, as well as polymer materials, and modern methods of treatment. For this reason, the treatment of diseases of the musculoskeletal system https://scientific-jl.com/luch/ 1 5 9 Часть-47_ Том-3_ июнь-2025 of pets, including dogs, is a major problem for veterinarians, due to their anatomical features. Classification, etiology and pathogenesis of bone fractures . Among non- communicable diseases in dogs, traumatic bone injuries account for up to 52.1%. In animals, mechanical injuries, mainly aggravated by fractures of tubular bones, are recorded in 32.7–44.5%. Fractures of long tubular bones in dogs account for 32.8% of mechanical injuries in dogs. Closed fractures are observed in 92% of cases in dogs and open fractures in 8%. Fractures are most often observed in the metaphyseal part of the bone (56%). Metadiaphyseal fractures are observed in 32%, and epiphyseal fractures in 12%. Long tubular bone fractures in dogs were observed most often in the femur (50.7%), less often in the tibia (22.3%), in the humerus (12.5%), and in the wrist and elbow bones (9.8%). Fractures of the palm and finger bones are observed in 5% of cases. By the nature of the fracture, completely closed diaphyseal and metaphyseal fractures often prevail. Fractures in small breed dogs have a specific localization, that is, in them, the elbow and wrist bones most often break in the 1/3 of the distal diaphyseal segment, and this condition accounts for 84% of leg fractures. Classification of bone fractures Bone fractures are considered to be partial or complete disruption of the anatomical integrity of the bone and damage to the surrounding soft tissues as a result of any impact. Bone fractures are congenital and acquired, traumatic, pathological (spontaneous) by the time of occurrence. Bone fractures: – by the nature of the fracture, open, closed and multiple, complete and partial fractures; – by location – fractures of flat bones and tubular bones; – according to anatomical description – epiphyseal, diaphyseal, metaphyseal, the epiphysis may be separated from the diaphysis. There are the following types of partial fractures: - cracks (fractures) – penetrating, superficial, single and multiple; - fracture of a part of the bone without separation; - comminuted fracture of the bone, observed mainly at the edges of the bones; - fractures under the periosteum; - holes. Complete fractures: in direction https://scientific-jl.com/luch/ 1 6 0 Часть-47_ Том-3_ июнь-2025 they are transverse, oblique, longitudinal, spiral, serrated. According to the degree of damage to the bone tissue – they are divided into blunt, fragmented, crushed, torn, and bullet-like. Etiology of bone fractures – bone fractures often occur as a result of various mechanical influences. Secondary causes include pathological and physiological changes in bone tissue. Closed fractures are accompanied by pain, impaired function of the legs, deformity (change in shape), extra-articular movement of the bones, and bone crepitus. In partial fractures, pain and impaired function are less pronounced. In open fractures, bleeding, pain, soft tissue damage, and other symptoms are observed. Bone fracture healing - the integrity of the broken bone is restored with the formation of a bone graft. Clinical, radiological, hematological, biological, histological, radiation, and other examination methods show significant changes in the body after injuries. As a result, local and general changes occur, and the biochemical metabolism of the blood is disturbed. In general, in fractures of tubular bones, within 8-10 days, strong changes occur in the body as a who