ENGLISH GRAMMAR DIFFICULTIES IN TRANSLATION

Аннотация

Every language has specific system which differs from that of any other. This is all the more so with respect to English, Uzbek and Russian, whose grammatical systems are typologically and genetically heterogeneous. English and Russian belong to the Germanic and Slavonic group’s respectively of the Indo – European family of languages; the Uzbek language pertains to the Turkic group of the Altaic family. Concerning the morphological type both English and Russian are inflected, though the former is notable for its analytical character and the latter for its synthetic character in the main. Uzbek is an agglutinative language. The importance of grammar in translating sentences and their meaning are discussed in this article. Keywords: grammar, grammatical means, grammatical correspondences, morphological corresponce, syntactic correspondence, analytical character. As to grammar the principal means of expression in languages possessing an analytical character (English) is the order of words and use of function words (though all the four basic grammatical means - Grammatical inflections, function words, word order and intonation pattern- are found in any language). The other two means are of secondary importance The grammatical inflections are the principal means used in such languages as Russian and Uzbek, though the rest of grammatical means are also used but they are of less frequency than the grammatical inflections. The comparison of the following examples will help to illustrate the difference between the languages considered: https://scientific-jl.com/luch/ 2 1 1 Часть-47_ Том-3_ июнь-2025 The hunter killed the wolf. Оvchi bo‘rini o‘ldirdi Охотник убил волка. In English the order of words is fixed. The model of Simple declarative sentences in these languages is as follows: Subject – Predicate This means that the subject (S) is placed in the first position and predicate (V) –in the second position. If the predicate is expressed by a transitive verb then in the third position we find the object (O), that is S – Vtr - O Any violation of this order of words brings about a change or distortion of the meaning. O. But it permits the transposition of the words. Охотник убил волка. Волка убил охотник and so on . The Uzbek model S – O – Vtr differs from the English and Russian models by the order of words and morphological arrangement of the object which may be marked or unmarked. Compare: Оvchi bo‘rini o‘ldirdi Оvchi bo‘ri o‘ldirdi These patterns are not equivalent. The first allows transposition of words, which leads to stylistic marking. (Characteristic of poetry). Besides, the ending “НИ” expresses an additional meaning of definiteness. The second pattern does none tolerate transposition of words.The principal types of grammatical https://scientific-jl.com/luch/ 2 1 2 Часть-47_ Том-3_ июнь-2025 correspondences between two languages are as follows; a) complete correspondence; b) partial correspondence; c) The absence of correspondence. COMPLETE MORPHOLOGICAL CORRESPONDENCE. Complete morphological correspondence is observed when in the languages considered there are identical grammatical categories with identical particular meanings. In all the three languages there is a grammatical category of number both the general categorical and particular meanings are alike; Number – singular - plural Such correspondence may be called complete. Partial morphological correspondence. Partial morphological correspondence is observed when in the languages examined there are grammatical categories with identical categorical meanings but with some differences in their particular meanings. In the languages considered there is a grammatical category of case in nouns. Though the categorical meaning is identical in all the three languages the particular meanings are different both from the point of view of their number and the meanings they express. English has two particular meanings while Uzbek and Russian have six. Though the latter two languages have the same quantity of particular cases their meanings do not coincide.The differences in the case system or in any other grammatical categories are usually expressed by other means in languages.Absence of morphological correspondence Absence of morphological correspondence is observed when there are no corresponding grammatical categories in the languages examined. As for instance https://scientific-jl.com/luch/ 2 1 3 Часть-47_ Том-3_ июнь-2025 in Uzbek there is grammatical category of possessiveness, which shows the affixations of things to one of the three grammatical persons, eg…: Uzbek Kitob - im Kitob - ing Kitob – i This grammatical category is neither found in English nor in Russian. These languages use pronouns for this purpose. English. Russian My book моя книгa Your book. твоя книга In English weuse the certain grammatical means to express definite and indefinite meanings, which is an article. But there are no equivalent grammatical means in Uzbek and Russian. They use lexica