THE IMPACT OF THE 1973 ARAB-ISRAELI WAR ON POLITICAL PROCESSES IN THE MIDDLE EAST

Аннотация

This article analyzes the causes and consequences of the fourth major military conflict between the Arab states and Israel. The reason for the start of hostilities was the recovery of the territories lost by the Arab states in the "Six-Day War". As a result of the war, both sides suffered heavy losses. This war clearly demonstrated the need for a policy of compromise between theArab states and Israel. Keywords: Egypt, Israel, Sinai Peninsula, Arab states, Syria, USSR, USA, Suez Canal, Golan Heights. Annotatsiya: Ushbu maqolada Arab davlatlari va Isroil o’rtasidai to’rtinchi katta harbiy to’qnashuvning boshlanish sabablari va oqibatlari tahlil qilib o’tilgan. Bunda Arab davlatlarining “Olti kunlik urush” da yoqotgan hududlarini qaytarib olish harbiy harakatlarning boshlanishiga sabab bo’lgan. Urush natijasida ikki tomon ham ko’p talofat ko’rgan. Ushbu urush Arab davlatlari vaIsroil o’rtasidakelishuv siyosatining olibborilishizarurligini yaqqol namoyon qildi. Kalit so’zlar: Misr, Isroil, Sinay yarim oroli, Arab davlatlari, Suriya, SSSR, AQSH, Suvaysh kanali, Golan tepaligi. Аннотации: В статье анализируются причины и последствия четвертого крупного военного конфликта между арабскими государствами и Израилем. Поводом к началу военных действий стало возвращение арабскими государствами территорий, утраченных в Шестидневной войне. В результате войны обе стороны понесли тяжелые потери. Эта война ясно продемонстрировала необходимость политики компромисса между арабскими государствами иИзраилем. Ключевые слова: Египет, Израиль, Синайский полуостров, арабские государства, Сирия, СССР,США,Суэцкийканал,Голанскиевысоты. Introduction. The tragedy of October 6, 1973 - the day when the long-standing conflict between the two countries of the Middle East turned into an open military confrontation. In 1973, on the Jewish holiday of Yom Kippur, Egyptian troops, together with the Syrian military, suddenly attacked Israel, which had been at war. This conflict lasted eighteen days and was the fourth majorArab-Israeli conflict, known as the"Yom KippurWar". The military attack on Israeli territory was initiated by two Middle Eastern states: Egypt and Syria. Diplomats of these countries repeatedly tried to negotiate with the Israeli government on the return of the lands captured in 1967. However, Israel categorically rejected the proposals of its neighbors, forcing the Arabs to take extremely drastic measures and sign the "three nos". This was the beginning of a slow political conflict, which went down in history as the "war of confrontation". The return of once-conquered lands became a matter of principle for the Arabs, linkedto thedesire to wash away theshameofthe previous “Six-Day War”. https://ijmri.de/index.php/jmsi volume 4,issue4,2025 354 Main part. The desire to return the Sinai Peninsula and the Golan Heights, which Egypt had occupied since 1967, and to restore its territorial integrity, gained importance in the fall of 1970 after President Gamal Abdel Nasser’s successor, Anwar Sadat, came to power in Egypt.[1] The Arabs, thirsting for revenge, began preparations for the upcoming uprising in 1971 when they built special training centers near Alexandria and Cairo, which were called “Bar-Lev Lines”, where the mobilized Egyptian armed forces practiced practical skills in conducting combat operations in conditions of forcing the canal and overcoming terrain.[2] The number of sapper units in the Egyptian armed forces increased. Particular attention was paid to the delivery of equipment to the bridge. In addition, the Egyptians decided to use a very unusual approach to solve the problem of moving heavy equipment through the sand pits encountered on the road. In the summer of 1973, they purchased one hundred and sixty water cannons in Germany and England. The idea was simple and ingenious: instead of overcoming an obstacle from above, it was decided tousewater cannons to wash theroad onloosesandybanks. The next step was to involve Syria in the attack on Israel. In order to divert the attention and forces of the Israelis, military operations were to begin from the Golan Heights, and the fact that Israel was waging war on two fronts at once would significantly increase the Egyptians' chances of victory. According to some sources, the attack by Israeli aircraft on Syrian MIGs on September 13, 1973 was an additional impetus for this Arab state to enter the war. [1] The air clash, in which the Israelis shot down twelve Syrian aircraft, took place on the Lebanese-Syrian border. One of the lessons learned from the Six-Day War was the massive rearmament of the Syrian and Egyptian armies. The USSR made a significant contribution to equipping them with more modern military equipment, supplying Egypt not only with tanks of various modifications, but also with experienced instructors who taught soldiers how to properly conduct combat operations using armored vehicles. The Arabs equipped their troops with a large number of Malyutka ATGMs, whic