AMIR TIMUR – THE FOUNDER OF A CENTRALIZED STATE AND MILITARY LEADER

Аннотация

This article describes the brief life and activities of great warlord Amir Timur, his bravery in front of people, his loyalty and boundless love for the homeland and his people, hismilitary activities, management system. Key words: state,Maverannahr, Khurasan, empire, statesman, development, culture, history, strata,scholar,army, warrior. Amir Timur – a distinguished statesman, a talented military leader, a skilled diplomat, a patron of science and culture, a figure who made a significant contribution to the development of human civilization. Thanks to Amir Timur’s unification of vast geographical territories with varying levels of culture into a single centralized state, conditions were created for a flourishing of culture, which scholars later termed the “Timurid Renaissance” [1] During the reign of Amir Timur, a new type of statehood was first established in Central Asia. In his governance, he relied on three principles: steadfast faith, justice, and strong authority, the foundation of which was the principle “Strength in Justice.” More than 600 years have passed since the death of Amir Timur, yet interest in this remarkable figure persists, and historians from many countries continue to studyhis lifeand activities, dedicating theirworks tohim. [2] Amir Timur was born on April 8, 1336, in the settlement of Khoja-Ilgar near the city of Kesh (now Shahrisabz). Amir Timur’s father, Amir Taragai, was from a noble family of the Barlas clan, belonging to the military nobility of beks. In his renowned work, “Empire of the Steppes”, René Grousset wrote about Amir Timur: “Timurid historians attempted to trace his lineage back to one of Genghis Khan’s companions and even to attribute it to the Genghizid family. In reality, he was in no way Mongolian, he was a Turk. He belonged to one of the noble families of Transoxiana, belonging to the Barlas clan and possessing estates around Kesh, of which they were rulers.” [3] In 1370, at a kurultai of local nobility and military leaders, Amir Timur was proclaimed ruler of Maverannahr. Declaring Samarkand as the capital, Timur turned his attention to the organization of internal affairs within his state. His primary task was overcoming fragmentation and uniting disparate holdings into a strong, centralized state. Amir Timur retained the Mongol administrative system – the division into tumans – appointing loyal individuals as heads of tumansand hazrab. http://www.internationaljournal.co.in/index.php/jasass 448 Volume15 Issue05, May2025 Impact factor: 2019: 4.679 2020: 5.015 2021: 5.436, 2022: 5.242, 2023: 6.995, 2024 7.75 The reign of Amir Timur lasted 35 years. He established a centralized state stretching from the Indus and Ganges to the Syr Darya and Zeravshan rivers, from the Tian Shan mountains to the Bosporus. In addition to Maverannahr and Khwarazm, Amir Timur’s state included Ferghana, Shash, the regions surrounding the Caspian Sea, Afghanistan, Turkey, India, Iran, Iraq, the Caucasus, the southern territories of Russia, and several countries of Western Asia. In total, he managed tounite27states and territories. Timur, in order to strengthen and expand his empire, created a powerful and battle-ready army. Timur himself was a brave and talented commander. He demonstrated his military talent, for example, in the Battle of Kunduzcha (Kundurca near Chistopol, Russia), defeating the formidable forces of Tokhtamysh, or in the Battle of Ankara, defeating the troops of the Ottoman Sultan Bayezid the Thunderbolt. Along with the trophies, they brought to Samarkand, Shahrisabz, and Bukhara prominent scholars, skilled artisans, musicians, and others. Timur spent the acquired wealth on the improvement of cities and settlements. He not only improved the cities of Maverannahr, Turkestan, and Khurasan, but rebuilt many cities in conquered lands (for example,Baghdad, Derbent, Baylaqan, and others). Overall, it is essential to emphasize that the primary outcomes of Amir Timur’s military and political activities included the formation and development of a strong, centralized state, the liberation of the peoples of Central Asia from Mongol domination, the cessation of feudal civil strife, and the establishment of stability and order, as well as the restoration of the Central Asian section oftheGreat SilkRoad. Amir Timur also made a significant contribution to the economic and cultural development not only of Maverannahr, but also of the countries of Central and Near East, fostering their rapprochement. In order to establish a powerful empire, Amir Timur placed great importance on foreign policy. Active diplomatic engagement facilitated the creation of strong relationships with numerous countries. The export and import of goods developed, and trade and economic relations were established with China, India, the Russian state, Spain, France, England, Byzantium, and other nations. Under Amir Timur, artisanal production and trade experienced further development. Centers of craftsmanship and co