THE NEED AND CURRENT STATUS OF DEVELOPING KNOWLEDGE OF PHILOSOPHY OF HISTORY AND ITS MODERN CONCEPTS IN FUTURE HISTORIANS

Аннотация

This article describes the methodology of developing knowledge of the philosophy of history and its modern concepts in future history teachers. The article also contains some opinions about the origin of the philosophy of history, research methods and its stages. Keywords. Philosophy of history, modern concepts, methodology, thinking, awakening, skills, research methods, worldview, doctrine. In the Middle Ages, representatives of philosophical thought Aurelius Augustine, Thomas Aquinas, etc. synthesized the biblical and Greco-Roman philosophical and historical thought, created a new, theological concept of history, put forward new ideas about the content of historical events, the essence and tasks of historical works. In accordance with this concept, Christian authors, trying to understand the divine intention through history, rejected the idea of circular motion and imagined the historical process as a linear movement from the past to the future (achievement of a future refuge, the coming of the Messiah). Central Asian thinker A.R. Beruniy proposes dividing the past into periods through the history of the kingdoms. History, in his opinion, is a source of thought and thinking. It is constantly being improved as a result of the continuity and harmony of the interaction of various sciences. Therefore, history serves as an important source of research for any scientist. Beruni emphasizes that conducting historical research in harmony with the study of other related disciplines leads to a certain result. After all, studying a historical source, proving its validity or unfoundedness is a responsible process for historical research. Because those who create historical sources, who have completed various documents, or collect evidence within the framework of their own interests and goals. In this context, Beruni admitted that “it takes on the appearance of truth and falsehood due to informants.” The restoration of historical truth, historical thinking and the collection of historical data were carried out using clear standards in the philosophy of history of the East. The crisis of feudalism, the development of capitalist relations, the strengthening of liberalism contributed to the liberation of social consciousness from the theological approach to history, which had a positive impact on the development of this science. Thinkers of the Renaissance (XIV-XVI centuries), 102 ACADEMIC RESEARCH IN MODERN SCIENCE International scientific-online conference unlike Christian historians, tried to explain the historical process based on secular conditions, on the nature of man. For example, Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527) in his works tried to substantiate the idea of \u200b\u200bcyclic development, proving that material interest, the desire to preserve and increase private property are the driving force behind the development of society. Some of his works also contain hypotheses about the laws of social phenomena, but he did not manage to describe these laws. [3;P.41] The XVII-XVIII centuries became for Europe a period of industrial and socio-political revolutions that led to the emergence of bourgeois industrial civilization and the acceleration of the process of social development. Natural sciences played a huge role in the formation of the views of thinkers of the new era. During this period, natural science had such a strong influence on the development of social sciences that history was explained in most cases from a natural scientific point of view. It was during this period that, under the influence of the reasons listed above, several naturalistic (Latin: naturalis - natural, natural) concepts of the philosophy of history emerged. The representatives of these concepts approached nature as a universal principle for explaining all of existence, including the historical process. Since the concept of naturalism was interpreted differently, the following trends were distinguished: geographical naturalism, in which social phenomena were explained by the influence of the natural environment (Charles Louis Montesquieu, Johann Herder, etc.); demographic naturalism, which explained historical processes using demographic determinism (Thomas Malthus); idealistic naturalism, which associated changes in society primarily with human thinking (Claude Helvetius, Jean Jacques Rousseau).[4;P.79] The development of the understanding of historical identity was strongly influenced by the works of Voltaire (1694-1778), who in his studies emphasized the philosophical understanding of history as a separate entity connected with the evolution and development of the rational nature of man, as well as the studies of Marie Jean Condorcet (1743-1794), who was one of the first to substantiate the idea of the historical process. [5; P.133] G.V.F. Hegel (1770- 1831) took a new step towards understanding the uniqueness of social development from the perspective of objective idealism. He approached history as a single legal process, each period of