WORD FORMATION IN THE UZBEK LANGUAGE AND ITS MODERN TENDENCIES

Аннотация

This paper explores the processes and principles of word formation in the Uzbek language, focusing on current tendencies influenced by globalization, technological development, and social change. It examines traditional word-formation methods such as affixation, compounding, and semantic shift, while highlighting the rise of neologisms, borrowings, and hybrid structures. Special attention is given to how new lexical units are shaped by media, the internet, and intercultural communication. The study aims to identify the dynamic nature of Uzbek vocabulary and offers insights into how the language adapts to new realities whilemaintaining its morphologicalintegrity. Key words:Uzbek language, word formation, morphology, neologisms, affixation, lexical innovation,borrowings, language development. Languageis a dynamic and ever-evolving system that responds tothe changing needs of society. In this process, word formation plays a crucial role, serving as a key mechanism by which a language expands and adapts. The Uzbek language, with its rich morphological structure and historical depth, exhibits a variety of word-formation methods that reflect both its Turkic roots andcontemporary influences. In the modern era, globalization, rapid technological advancement, and cultural exchange have led to the emergence of new lexical items (neologisms), many of which enter the language through borrowing, hybridization, or internal derivation. These developments not only enrich the vocabulary but also raise important questions about normativity, linguistic purity, and adaptation inthecontextofthe Uzbek linguisticsystem. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive investigation into both traditional and contemporary word-formation strategies in the Uzbek language. It explores how classical morphological processes such as affixation, compounding, and semantic shift continue to shape the lexicon, while also examining the growing influence of modern linguistic phenomena such as neologisms, hybrid formations, and lexical borrowings from foreign languages—particularly English and Russian. The study seeks to understand not only the structural and functional aspects of these word-formation mechanisms, but also their sociolinguistic and cultural implications in contemporary Uzbek discourse. Through this analysis, the research reveals how the Uzbek language adapts to technological, social, and global transformations, highlighting the dynamic nature of its evolution and the balance it maintains between preserving linguistic identityandembracing innovation. 1.Traditional WordFormation Methods Historically, Uzbek has relied on a well-established set of morphological processes for word creation,including: Affixation–Theuse ofprefixes and suffixesremains afundamental strategy. Example: page2521 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ISSN:2692-5206,ImpactFactor:12,23 AmericanAcademicpublishers,volume05,issue05,2025 Journal: https://www.academicpublishers.org/journals/index.php/ijai kitob(book) →kitobxon(reader), kitobxona(library) yur (walk) →yurish (walking) Compounding–Combining two ormore stemsto form newwords. Example: qayta (again)+ tiklash (restore) =qayta tiklash (reconstruction) toqqachiqish (mountainclimbing) Semantic shift / functional shift – When existing words take on new meanings or grammatical roles. Example: dasturoriginally referred to aplan, but nowalso means “software.” 2.Modern Tendencies inWord Formation With the influence of media, technology, and global communication, new patterns have emerged: a)Neologisms andBorrowings A large number of new terms have entered Uzbek, particularly from English and Russian, often withminimal phoneticadaptation: onlayn, startap, bloger, likebosmoq, vebinar Theseborrowings are often integrated inways that mix nativeand foreign elements, such as: storimgaqo‘ydim (I put itin mystory –English+ Uzbek structure) b)Hybrid Structures Wordsare increasingly formed bycombiningforeign roots with Uzbek suffixes: kommentariya +qilmoq =komment qilmoq subscrib bo‘ldim(I subscribed) →English root +Uzbek morphology This phenomenon illustrates a blending of code-switching and morphological integration, commonamong youth and social mediausers[1] c)Internal Innovation In somecases, newUzbek words are coined usingnativeroots: axborotlashuv,raqamlashtirish, dizaynerlik Thesereflect efforts topreserve linguisticidentity whileaddressingmodern concepts. The study of word formation is a key area within morphology, a branch of linguistics that examines the internal structure of words and the rules by which new words are formed. According to linguistic theory, word formation can be divided into derivation, compounding, conversion, and borrowing —all of which are relevant inthecontextofthe Uzbeklanguage. Prominent linguists such as Bloomfield, Marchand, and Plag have outlined general principles of word formation, many of which apply cross-linguistically. In Turkic languages, including Uzbek, agglutination (the a