STUDY OF TOPONYMIC VARIABILITY AND LINGUISTIC PHENOMENA

Аннотация

the article describes toponymic variability and other linguistic phenomena: synonymy, antonymy, homonymy and parallelism. Key words:toponym, polysonym, palindrome, variant, literary variant, phonetic, phoneticform. INTRODUCTION. When discussing synonyms, antonyms and homonyms in scientific sources on linguistics, proper nouns, that is, onomastic units, are usually ignored. According to R. Khudoyberganov, thisis donefrom two pointsofview: 1) proper nouns do not have a lexical meaning, and therefore it is difficult to determine similar andoppositemeanings inthem; 2) it is considered that synonymous, antonymic and homonymous relations do not exist in the system of propernouns. However, homonymy and synonymy are also observed in onomasticunits. LITERATURE ANALYSIS AND METHODS. As E. Begmatov shows, the issue of synonymy ofnouns requires taking intoaccount two phenomena: a) the relationship between the word on which the noun is based and the name formed from it (jora-Jo'ra); b) the relationship between synonymous names (Jora - Companion; Hamdam - Friend; Friend - Friend; Jora -Hamdam; Yor-Friend). page2149 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ISSN:2692-5206,ImpactFactor:12,23 AmericanAcademicpublishers,volume05,issue05,2025 Journal: https://www.academicpublishers.org/journals/index.php/ijai According to the author, the base word for a name and the name formed from it cannot be synonymous, since in speech it is impossible to use one of them interchangeably. If the base word for a name expresses a generalized meaning, the name means an individual, single concept. In ouropinion, thesameconsiderations apply to toponyms. DISCUSSION AND RESULTS. The phenomenon of variantness in the onomastic system is close to the term "parallels". The lexical unit parallel is derived from the Latin word parallilos, which means going side by side. This term refers to the fields of linguistics, geometry and geography, and inlinguistics it denotes sentences and phrases that have thesame structure. The term parallelism is used in linguistics in the sense of “the fact that adjacent sentences, phrases have the samesyntacticstructure”. Linguistic parallelism, its essence, synonyms, invariants and variants were specially studied by R.M. Shukurov. The scientist defines the phenomenon of parallelism as follows: “Parallelisms, that is, lexical-morphological and syntactic units that are close in function and meaning, but do not have the same form, are a complex of effective and expressive methods that have formed in thenational language overseveral periods”. Or: “Parallelism is two or more phenomena that repeat each other in form and content. It is a methodof poeticexpression ofthought through thejuxtapositionofa stateorthing”. Theauthor notesthe following features characteristicofparallel means (parallels): 1.Parallels are closeinfunction and meaning, but donot have thesameform. 2.Theconcept ofparallelismis broader and deeperthan the concept ofsynonymy. 3.Parallelismoccurs bothwithin thecontent ofexpression and withinthemeans ofexpression. 4.It isdivided into parallelism and substantive(semantic) parallelism. 5. Syntactic parallelism (repetition of a sentence with the same pattern, a phrase) is manifested intheform ofparallelismand repetitionofmeaning, concept, thought. 6. Parallelism is the juxtaposition of two or more phenomena, situations that repeat each other inform and content. 7. Substantive and formal parallelism are necessary tools for methodology, “If substantive parallelisms create the possibility of choice, formal parallelism, firstly, makes speech expressive and attractive, musical and melodious, and secondly, ensures that the language text isimpressiveand memorable.” 1. Synonyms are also parallelism. However, not all synonyms are parallelism, parallelism is a broader concept than theconcept ofsynonymy. 2. Syntactic synonymy and syntactic variants, according to some generalization property, are combined intoa certain generality -invariant. 3. Syntactic synonymy and syntactic variants do not deny each other, they are combined into onegenerality. Taking thisinto account, they can becalled "parallel syntacticwholes". According to R. Khudoyberganov, combining synonymy, variants and parallelism into one generality is controversial, since the mentioned concepts are different phenomena in terms of their source, reason for emergence, linguistic (material) material, functional-methodical, social page2150 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ISSN:2692-5206,ImpactFactor:12,23 AmericanAcademicpublishers,volume05,issue05,2025 Journal: https://www.academicpublishers.org/journals/index.php/ijai communicative function and branching (differentiation) in the language system, as well as in terms of their existence in one language and more than one language (sister languages). Such a difference is especially clearly visible when synonymy, variants and parallelism are studied on thebasis ofonomasticmaterial. Parallelism, paralle