PRINCIPLES OF COMPOUND WORD ANALYSIS

Аннотация

In this article, the authors attempt to present their observations on the components of the methods for comparative analysis of compound words in modern English and Uzbek. The authors focus on the comparative analysis of compound words in English and Uzbek as the main research material. During the preparation of the article, the authors critically approach the views of English and Uzbek linguists and boldly express their own observations. This article could beuseful forthosestudying English and Uzbeklexicology. Keywords:compound word, phraseological, affixal, auxiliary word, addition,transformation In this study, one of our main goals is to analyze the composition of compound words in the languages being compared. The point is that before conducting such an analysis, we must distinguish between the concepts of “compound word" and "derived word." A derived word is usually formed by adding affixes (prefixes before and suffixes after) to a root. In the Russian language, such words are called "proizvodnыe slova." It should be noted that this term can also include words formed through affixation, conversion, and abbreviation methods since all of them are created by changing their original form. However, considering the possible terminological confusion, we distinguish compound words as a special group separate from other derived words. In relevant scientific research, words formed through both affixation and thecombinationof two roots are referred to bythesame term. When analyzing the components of a compound word, one of the key principles is whether the components can stand as independent units or not. For example, words formed by affixation (e.g., friendship, sportsmanship, or “do‘st-lik” in Uzbek) are composed of a root and affixes, which cannot stand alone as independent language units in speech. In contrast, when the components of compound words are separated, they can form new meaningful compound words. For instance: headache, stomachache, oshpichoq, oshqovoq, etc. In this research, we also analyze the composition of compound words that are part of phraseological combinations. From a structural perspective, a word is a unit that can be divided into elements, and these elements can create new formations. According to the definition of linguists like Prof. A.I. Smirnitskiy and Prof. Ye.S. Kubryakova, the base of a word is the part that remains when affixes are removed. They argue that a word’s base can be divided into simple (root) and compound components. A simple root consists of a single word, while a compound root ismade upofseveral parts. In the case of non-inflecting languages, like English, this approach can be applied, whereas for inflecting languages like Uzbek, the root, base, and affix can be distinguished separately. page2008 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ISSN:2692-5206,ImpactFactor:12,23 AmericanAcademicpublishers,volume05,issue05,2025 Journal: https://www.academicpublishers.org/journals/index.php/ijai According to I.P. Ivanova, the base of a word is considered a sound unit that can serve as the foundation for creating new words. This definition helps in separating the base from other components when analyzing a word’s structure. Understanding the structure of a word also requires studying the phonemes that make up the word. Research by N.V. Vargina focuses onthisaspect. Among compound word models, compound words hold a special place. The main distinguishing feature of compound words is that while derived words follow a basic “root + affix” model, compound words generally follow a “root + root” formula. The elements of compound words can consist oftwo ormore components. When determining the nature of compound words, their written form is also significant. Historically, words whose bases were combined were written together. More recently created compound words are written with a hyphen (-), such as birthday, timetable, handicraft, tradesman (nouns), Anglo-Saxon, good-looking (adjectives), tiptoe (verb), everything (pronoun), etc. There is also a group of compound words in which their components are linked bycertain connectors, such as bread-and-butter, man-of-war, mother-in-law, up-to-date. In describing the nature of compound words, some linguists recommend using the transformational method. For example, the phrase "garden party" could be transformed into a sentence like "The party is in the garden" to reveal its essence. While this method might be useful in some cases, it’s not always applicable. For example, in analyzing phrases like up-to- date, Anglo-Saxon,or bookcase, thisapproach might not always be effective.