The Nominative and Communicative Features of Paralinguistic Means in Modern Linguistics

Аннотация

This article analyzes the nature of paralinguistic means, their types and their role in the communicative process on an important scientific basis. COPYRIGHT G.V. Kolshansky divided paralinguistic means into © 2025 Original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 License. phonational, kinetic and graphic types based on a structural approach and consistently revealed their structural aspects. Phonation means include sound properties such as tone, timbre, speed of speech; kinetic means include gestures, gestures and body movements; graphic means include graphic forms expressed in the text. The study presents the views of E.M. Vereshchagin and V.G. Kostomarov on paralinguistic and nonverbal communication, and highlights the reflection of gestures and facial expressions in different languages, their semantic loads and naming. The inclusion of nonverbal units in the phraseological system is justified by G.E. Kreidlin's proposals on gestural phraseology. The article highlights the theoretical and practical importance of paralinguistic elements in the field of linguistics and communication and creates a solid methodological foundation for scientific research in this area. Keywords: Paralinguistics, phonation, kinetics, graphics, non-verbal means, body language. Introduction: In his research, G.V. Kolshanskiy studied paralinguistic means from a structural (nominative) approach, analyzing them as pure units separate from external factors influencing language. He examined their internal structure and interrelated characteristics. Based on this, he classified paralinguistic means into three types: phonational, kinetic, and graphic. Phonational paralinguistic elements include voice timbre, speech rate, pitch, sound fillers that replace European International Journal of Philological Sciences 72 https://eipublication.com/index.php/eijps European International Journal of Philological Sciences pauses, other melodic features of speech, as well as Even the most stable behaviors become ingrained in dialectal, idiolectal, and social pronunciation features. each ethnic group’s language system, but these same Kinetic components consist of gestures, hand elements might be understood differently in another movements, body language, speaker positioning culture’s context. during speech, silence, and similar behaviors. Graphic Carroll I. Izard noted: “Studies of emotional facial components involve graphic forms that, in written expressions across different nationalities show that speech, emphasize words, concepts, terms, or emotions such as joy, surprise, sadness, anger, disgust, expressions in text. Kolshanskiy’s ideas in the field of and fear are innate. They are expressed and understood paralinguistics laid a foundational basis for future similarly by all people. Even illiterate individuals or researchers and were later expanded and studied from those with little exposure to modern culture can different perspectives. understand these feelings. Interest, dislike, and shame LITERATURE REVIEW AND METHODOLOGY are similarly universally understood. These nine primary emotions and their corresponding expressions are According to E.M. Vereshchagin and V.G. Kostomarov, fundamental to human interaction, free of linguistic or the verbal expression of actions is called nomination. cultural variation.” This conclusion allows us to regard The nomination of facial expressions or gestures is emotionally expressive paralinguistic tools in literature usually represented by a full word or word as universal instruments, marking a new step in this field combination. Gestures, movements, and their names of research. typically vary with changes in language. Multilingual individuals also exhibit changes in kinetic and According to I.N. Gorelov, the concept of paralinguistic behaviors when switching languages. communication refers to the exchange of thoughts, Interestingly, the change in non-verbal code happens ideas, information, and messages. It is a form of mutual as naturally as language switching itself. influence developed throughout human cognitive and labor activity. Language, through its communicative They assert that facial expressions and gestures, like function, demonstrates its symbolic nature and serves any phenomena of reality, can be described through as a mechanism for individuals to find their place in spoken language. Such behaviors may either naturally society. Communication can be defined as the process reflect a person’s internal emotional state or be of coding and decoding information in a particular deliberately used to transmit information to another sequence by the sender and receiver essentially, the person. For example, waving a hand may symbolize transmission of information from one or more resignation or indifference; shaking the head side-to- individuals to others. side may imply disagreement or suspicion toward the interlocutor. G.E. Kreydlin suggests calling such Kolshanski