The Teaching Methodology of The Medicimal Plants of Cupressaceae Family

Аннотация

This paper involves information on the botanical characteristics, genera, and species of medicinal plants belonging to the cypress family. Materials on the use of some methods related to the methodology of teaching this topic are presented. The article contains materials on botany and serves as a useful source for deepening knowledge of plant systematics. Keywords: Cupressaceae, conifers, seed plants, trees, shrubs, lateral branches, method, Venn-diagram, Juniper. Introduction: The Cupressaceae are found in the fossil record since the Jurassic; specifically, since 197-190 million years ago, represented by the extinct species Austrohamia minuta (Escapa et al. 2008 in Rothwell et al. 2012). The family arose via a whole- genome-duplication (polyploidy) event that separated it, in a clade that included the progenitor of both the Cupressaceae and the Taxaceae, from the remaining European International Journal of Pedagogics 251 https://eipublication.com/index.php/eijp European International Journal of Pedagogics conifer lineages (a similar event gave rise to the Pinaceae twig (in Thuja, Thujopsis, Libocedrus, clade, and to the Welwitschiaceae) (Li et al. 2015) [2]. Papuacedrus and Calocedrus, and weakly so in some other genera) with lateral scale-leaf pairs conspicuously The family was formerly divided between keeled; juvenile leaves linear, flattened, spreading; often Cupressaceae sensu strictu (genera with leaves opposite with solitary abaxial resin gland; resin canal present. in four ranks or whorled) and Taxodiaceae (leaves Pollen cones maturing and shed annually, solitary, mostly alternate). Foliage characters, however, are terminal (rarely in clusters of 2-5, or to 20 or more seldom used as grounds for discriminating between in Cunninghamia; axillary families. All genera treated here have seed cones in in Cryptomeria and Juniperus Sects. which the bract-scale complexes are fused for most of their common length, the 1-20 ovules are erect (but may Juniperus and Caryocedrus; in terminal panicles invert with maturity), and the paired seed wings, if in Taxodium and Metasequoia), simple, spheric to present, are derived from the seed coat (Eckenwalder oblong; sporophylls overlapping, bearing 2-10 abaxial 1976, Watson and Eckenwalder 1993). Study of plastid microsporangia (pollen sacs); pollen spheric, not winged. (rbcL) DNA sequences has further confirmed the close Seed cones maturing in 1-2 seasons, shed with short relationship between the Cupressaceae s.str. and the shoots or persisting indefinitely on long-lived axes genera formerly assigned to the Taxodiaceae. As shown (shattering at maturity in Taxodium), compound, solitary, in the phylogenetic tree at right, the Cupressaceae sensu terminal (rarely in clusters of 2-5, or up to 100 or more strictu form a monophyletic clade, with the various in Widdringtonia; axillary Taxodiaceae genera forming basal branches [3]. in Juniperus Sects. Juniperus and Caryocedrus); scales overlapping or abutting, fused to subtending bracts with Theoretical bases and discussion. only bract apex sometimes free; each scale-bract complex Description. Trees or shrubs, generally resinous and peltate, oblong or cuneate, at maturity woody or fleshy, aromatic, monoecious (usually dioecious in Juniperus). with 1-20 erect (inverted with age in Athrotaxis, Bark fibrous and furrowed (smooth or exfoliating in Cunninghamia, Glyptostrobus, Taiwania, Metasequoia, plates in some Hesperocyparis and Juniperus species). Sequoia and Sequoiadendron), adaxial ovules. Seeds 1-20 Lateral branches well developed, similar to leading per scale, not winged or with 2-3 symmetric or shoots, twigs terete, angled, or flattened dorsiventrally asymmetric wings; aril lacking; cotyledons 2-5 (to 9 (with structurally distinct lower and upper surfaces in Taxodium) (M.P. Frankis [pers. comm. in Thuja, Calocedrus, Thujopsis, Fokienia, Libocedrus, P 1999.02.16], Watson and Eckenwalder 1993). All apuacedrus, and to a lesser extent in some other Cupressaceae appear to share a vesicular-arbuscular genera), densely clothed by scalelike leaves or by mycorrhiza (Newman and Reddell 1987, Brundrett 2008 decurrent leaf bases; longest internodes to 1 cm; buds and citations therein) [3]. undifferentiated and inconspicuous (except in Sequoia, Cupressus L. Metasequoia, Cunninghamia and Juniperus sects. Juniperus and Caryo Cypress Trees or large shrubs, often pyramidal in youth; cedrus). monoecious. STEMS: short shoots 4-angled or flat to usually cylindric; in flat sprays or usually arrayed in 3 Roots fibrous to woody (bearing aboveground "knees" dimensions. LEAVES decussate, scale-like, closely in Taxodium). Leaves simple, usually persisting 3-5(-12) appressed overlapping. POLLEN CONES terminal, usually years and shed with lateral shoots (cladoptosic) (shed yellow. SEED CONES terminal, 6-50 mm long, woody, annually in Taxodium, Glyptostrobus and Metasequoia; more or less spheric to broad cylindric, maturing first or leaves with an absci