Urban Planning And Its Development In Central Asia During The Early Iron Age

Аннотация

This article discusses the regions where Central Asian cities emerged during the Iron Age and their development. The distinctive features of the Early Iron Age include the noticeable processes of formation of the first city-states in the territory of our country. Based on historical sources, the article comprehensively analyzes how the population built fortresses surrounded by strong defensive walls, leaving behind significant archaeological layers. Keywords: Iron, Turtkultepa, Elatan, Sangirtepa, Dagistan, Jondavlattepa, Daikovo. Introduction: We know about the beginning of the Early Iron Age in Central Asia in the 9th-8th centuries BC from the tools found by archaeologists during excavations. By the Early Iron Age, agricultural culture was formed in all regions of Central Asia. The discovery of iron in Central Asia at that time became the basis for fundamental changes in tools. As a result of the use of iron, significant changes occurred in the socio-economic life of society. A second major division of labor occurred during the Iron Age. As a result of archaeological excavations, it was established that craftsmanship separated from agriculture in the Iron Age. This, in turn, led to an increase in labor productivity, a revival of commodity exchange, the development of private property, and the strengthening of the state. At the beginning of the Iron Age, strong fortifications were built throughout Asia and Europe, and cities flourished. In general, people were familiar with iron as Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Research Fundamentals 144 https://eipublication.com/index.php/jsshrf Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Research Fundamentals early as the Eneolithic period, but did not know its it was established that craftsmanship developed in the practical significance. In nature, pure iron is found only city as a result of the discovery of pottery vessels made in meteorites. We know from excavations that iron of iron and military tools. In the 7th-6th centuries BC, jewelry and beads were found in the graves of tribes the regional center, called Nautaka, was Uzunqir. BC. In inhabiting the ancient East. Until the 1st millennium the 3rd-2nd centuries, the regional center moved to a BC, iron was used as a material for making rare new city, that is, to the place of the present-day city of ornamental items for the population. Since the early Kitab. Uzunqir is considered an example of a city in the Iron Age, cities in Central Asia have also undergone a territory of Uzbekistan. significant stage of development. For example, in the The Sangirtepa monuments are located along the region of Sogdiana, agricultural culture began to take Shurob River in the middle reaches of the Kashkadarya shape during the Early Iron Age. River. As a result of archaeological excavations, it was This culture has been discovered in the monuments of established that the total area of Sangirtepa is 3 ancient agricultural civilizations such as Koktepa, hectares. On its southern and western sides, there were Sangirtepa, Daratepa, Uzunqir, and Lolazor, as well as defensive walls. As a result of the research, a 6.85-meter in the lower layers of Turtkultepa, Afrasiab, and cultural layer was discovered there, and 4 construction Yerkurgan. From the location of archaeological sites, periods were identified. The first period of formation of we know that the monuments in Sogdiana were Sangirtepa is considered to be the 9th-8th centuries BC. primarily situated along riverbanks. This is particularly The influence of ancient Eastern civilization was strong evident in the Kashkadarya oasis. Here, several oases in the formation of the economic and cultural life of dating back to the Early Iron Age can be identified. Bactria and Sogdiana. Therefore, in these regions, from Based on the results of excavations, archaeologists the early Iron Age, ancient cities were formed, and the have studied settlements by categorizing them into the first states emerged. following types according to their size and functions: The Elatanian culture dates back to the Iron Age, which 1. Ruins of cities with defensive walls - Ark (Uzunqir, dates back to BC. It dates back to the 7th-5th centuries. Yerkurgan); Monuments of the Elatanian culture have been found in almost all regions of the Fergana Valley. The settlement 2. Villages: Daratepa, Karokchitepa, Beshkutontepa; of Elatan has a triangular shape and is surrounded by a 3. Settlements with specific functions, surrounded by defensive wall 4 meters wide. defensive walls (possibly temples). Towers were identified in several places on the Yerkurgan is considered one of the cultural and defensive walls and in the corner of the gate. People political centers of Sogd. Its area is 150 hectares. who lived in the Elatanian culture used adobe, raw brick, During excavations in the lower layers of the and clay in construction. In agriculture, wheat, rice, and settlement, the era of the pre-millennium. The location barley wer