SOCIO-ECONOMIC LIFE OF THE KHANATE OF KHIVA

Аннотация

The largest city of Khorezm or the Khiva Khanate was Khiva (modern Uzbekistan) — its capital from the beginning of the 17th century until 1920. In ancient times, the city was called Khiyvak. Since its foundation, Khiva was a link on the trade route between the East and theWest.New Urgench was builtunder AbulgaziKhan in the17th century. Keywords: the city of Khorezm, Khiva Khanate, Uzbekistan, 17th century to 1920, the routes between East and West, the Amu Darya riverbed, New Urgench, the mausoleum of SultanTekesh. Абстракт. Хива, расположенная в современном Узбекистане, была крупнейшим городом Хорезма, или Хивинского ханства, и его столицей с начала XVII века до 1920 года. В древности город назывался Хийвак. С момента своего основания Хива играла ключевую роль на торговом пути между Востоком и Западом, что способствовало ее экономическому и культурному развитию. В XVII веке при Абулгази-хане был построен Новый Ургенч,которыйстал центромсовременной Хорезмскойобласти. Ключевые слова: город Хорезм, Хивинское ханство, Узбекистан, XVII век – 1920 год, пути между Востоком и Западом, русло Амударьи, Новый Ургенч, мавзолей Султан- Текеша. In 1512, a new dynasty of Uzbeks, who had broken away from the Shibanids, rose to the head of an independent khanate[8] in Khorezm. Initially, the capital of the state was the city of Urgench (formerly Gurganj), located on the territory of modern Turkmenistan. In 1598, Amu Darya River retreated from Urgench, and the capital was moved to a new location - Khiva. The Amu Darya, flowing through the territory of the khanate, flowed into the Aral Sea, supplying residents with water, and also providing a waterway to Europe. Over the centuries, the river changed its course several times. 150 km from Khiva, near the city of Kunya-Urgench, which means "old Urgench", are the ruins of an ancient capital. It was a small fortified town with a ten-century history. The legend ofits origins says that thecity grew around thewell ofKheyvak, the water from which had an amazing taste, and the well was dug by order of Shem, the son of the biblical Noah. In Ichan-Kala (the inner city of Khiva) you can still see this well today. Whenthe capital was moved toa newplace, over time, thekhanate flourished again. The real name of this country since ancient times was Khorezm. The Khorezm state, which existed until the20th century, was ruled bynomadic Uzbek tribes under the leadership of the sultans Ilbars and Balbars, descendants of Yadgar Khan, since 1511. They belonged to the branch descended from Arab Shah ibn Pilad, a descendant of Shiban in the 9th generation, so the dynasty is also called Arab Shahids. Shiban, in turn, was the fifth son of Jochi[6]. But neithertheynor others called thestatetheKhiva Khanate, onlyKhorezm. In the 16th century, a settled lifestyle was prevalent only among a majority of the population in the southern part of the country. Notably, many irrigated lands in the north were abandoned, leading to a decline in water supply and agriculture. Consequently, urban culture also declined. The economic weakness of the Khanate was reflected in the absence of its own page1847 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ISSN:2692-5206,ImpactFactor:12,23 AmericanAcademicpublishers,volume05,issue05,2025 Journal: https://www.academicpublishers.org/journals/index.php/ijai currency until the end of the 18th century, relying instead on Bukharan coins. This indicates the Khanate's lack of economic independence and its dependence on Bukhara. Under these circumstances, the Uzbek people managed to maintain a nomadic lifestyle longer compared to theirsouthern neighbors. The reign of the famous Khan-historian Abulgazi (1643-1663) and his son and successor Anush Khan were periods of relative political stability and economic development[5]. Large- scale irrigation works were undertaken, and the newly irrigated lands were divided among Uzbek tribes, which became increasingly sedentary. Khorezm, due to the scarcity of its own economic resources, waged wars with Bukhara and the Safavids, and the Turkmens of the state raided Khorasan. The last representative of the Shibanid-Arabshahid dynasty who ruled Khorezmwas Ilbars Khan II, who was killed byNadir Shah in1740. Uzbek Kungrat Dynasty/Arabshahid Dynasty died out by the mid-18th century. The last influential khan was Shergazi Khan (1714-1728), who managed to defeat the military expedition of Bekovich-Cherkassky. By this time, the power of the tribal leaders had grown greatly, and they began to invite the Chingizids from the Kazakh steppes to the khan's throne. Real power was concentrated in the hands of tribal leaders with the titles of ataliq and inak. The two main Uzbek tribes, the Kungrats and the Mangyts, fought for power in the khanate, and their struggle was accompanied by the separation of the northern part of Khorezm, the Aral (the Amu Darya delta). Thenomadic Uzbeks oftheAral proclaimed theirChingizids, whowere also puppets, as khans. Chaos reigned