"CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORKS FOR UNDERSTANDING NATIONAL AND REGIONAL SECURITY CHALLENGES"

Аннотация

This paper explores the theoretical foundations of national and regional security studies, emphasizing their impact on sustainable interstate relations. As security challenges escalate social, economic, and political tensions, the need for systematic analysis has grown. The development of research centers and think tanks has contributed to the evolution of security studies, especially after World War II and during the Cold War. Modern security concepts increasingly link sovereignty with security, influencing global policy frameworks. The study focuses on three influential theoretical schools-the Copenhagen, Welsh, and Paris Schools-highlighting their contributions to reshaping traditional security paradigms through interdisciplinary and critical approaches. Key words: Welsh, Cold War, CIA, NSA. Security issues that affect the sustainable development of interstate relations lead to an escalation of social, economic and political tensions, and an increase in the deficit of raw materials. Therefore, the issue of studying and analyzing security issues has always been of great importance. This, in turn, led to the emergence of a number of think tanks and research centers that allowed for the systematic study and management of security issues on a national, regional and international scale. Security studies conducted before the Cold War focused on factors that threatened national security, sovereignty and international relations. The aim of the study is to regulate international relations, focusing on the questions of "Whose security?", "Who provides security?" and "What are the threats to security?" The goal is to find answers to questions such as: With the end of World War II and the emergence of a bipolar world in world politics, a modern understanding of security issues began to take shape. Now, “security” and “sovereignty” have become complementary concepts. It would not be wrong to say that these concepts have determined the future of international relations. This can be seen in the example of the adoption of the US National Security Act in 1947 and the creation of the National Security Agency (NSA) and 68 THEORETICAL ASPECTS IN THE FORMATION OF PEDAGOGICAL SCIENCES International scientific-online conference the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Recent events have shown that many countries around the world are investing heavily in countering terrorism and cyber security. Security studies as an important branch of international relations have developed within the framework of realist, idealist, Marxist and feminist points of view. However, in the framework of our study, we consider it appropriate to highlight three main schools of security research theories: 1.Copenhagen School of Security. 2.Welsh School of Security. 3.Paris School of Security. Copenhagen School of Security.The Copenhagen School of Security Studies was founded in 1985. Today, the Copenhagen School of Security Studies supports interdisciplinary research in the field of peace and security. The Copenhagen School of Security Studies has transformed the traditional security paradigm into a realistic and constructive approach, helping to shape new views on security and defense issues. The Copenhagen School's significant contribution to the development of science is determined by its formulation of the theories of "securitization" and "desecuritization". Ole Weaver is one of the main proponents of this theory. In addition, B. This theory is also discussed in detail in the work "Security: A New Framework for Analysis" by Buzan, Weaver and De Wilde. The Copenhagen School was the first in its research to take into account the need to pay special attention to ensuring international security and, in this regard, defense issues. The main focus was on studying the scale of threats and the capabilities of states in combating military conflicts between states. By the 1990s, there had been a change in the direction of the Copenhagen School of Security Studies. They now sought to cover the human, environmental, social, economic and political spheres within the framework of security issues. Accordingly, the core of securitization theory was defined as consisting of five important areas and it was transformed into an interdisciplinary approach to security. The proponents of the approach tried to justify the need to study the problem of security in a relatively broad context within their research. Speaking about this, B. Buzan says: “It takes comparatively more effort to improve security and survive.”[1] In this step, we will focus on the main components of securitization theory. Scott Nicholas Romaniuk believes that securitization consists of three main stages: 1. The emergence of an existential threat known as a “speech act.” 69 THEORETICAL ASPECTS IN THE FORMATION OF PEDAGOGICAL SCIENCES International scientific-online conference 2. The referent's adoption of special/emergency measures to protect the object from an existential threat. 3. Perception of a spe