A MODERN APPROACH TO EARLY DIAGNOSIS AND PREVENTIVE MEASURES OF ENDEMIC GOITER AND AUTOIMMUNE THYROIDITIS IN THE MILITARY.

Аннотация

Against the background of autoimmune thyroiditis, patients are found to have antibodies to thyroid antigens. The thyroid gland is damaged and gradually grows. Over time, autoimmune thyroiditis leads to hypothyroidism, in which the body lacks thyroid hormones. Hypothyroidism is accompanied by weight gain, dry skin, and increased fatigue. Key words. Diffuse toxic goiter, remission, autoimmune thyroiditis, UTT test method, osteoporosis, hypertension, atherosclerosis. Autoimmune thyroiditis is an autoimmune disease that affects the thyroid gland. Autoimmune thyroiditis is ten times more common in women than in men. Symptoms usually first appear between the ages of 30 and 50. The overall incidence increases with age in both men and women[1,3]. Against the background of autoimmune thyroiditis, patients are found to have antibodies to thyroid antigens. The thyroid gland is damaged and gradually grows. Over time, autoimmune thyroiditis leads to hypothyroidism, in which the body lacks thyroid hormones. Hypothyroidism is accompanied by weight gain, dry skin, and increased fatigue[2,5]. The diagnosis is made on the basis of a medical examination and comprehensive diagnostics. The main diagnostic criteria include the determination of antibodies in a blood test, hormone levels, and ultrasound results. Therapy for autoimmune thyroiditis involves correcting hormonal imbalance. Hormone replacement therapy involves lifelong administration of thyroxine. Surgical treatment is indicated if a large goiter is formed, which disrupts the functions of adjacent organs and causes physical or aesthetic discomfort[2,4]. Autoimmune thyroiditis progresses slowly. It may take several months or years before the condition is diagnosed. 127 ACADEMIC RESEARCH IN MODERN SCIENCE International scientific-online conference Symptoms are caused by hypothyroidism. In the early stages, hypothyroidism is accompanied by subtle signs that can develop into striking clinical manifestations. • Early symptoms may include: • fatigue, increased tiredness; • constipation; • dry skin; • weight gain; • More pronounced symptoms that indicate worsening hypothyroidism and an enlarged thyroid gland: • intolerance to low ambient temperatures; • hair loss; • feeling of pressure in the neck; • voice change, hoarseness; • menstrual cycle failure; • joint and muscle pain; • insomnia; • depression. • Subacute infectious thyroiditis is accompanied by pain, while autoimmune thyroiditis does not cause local discomfort. • Autoimmune thyroiditis is an autoimmune pathology. In this condition, the immune system produces antibodies that attack the cells of the thyroid gland. The reasons for the erroneous reaction of the immune system remain unclear. Normally, antibodies are synthesized in response to bacterial and viral infections. • Risk factors for autoimmune thyroiditis include: • hereditary predisposition; • previous infectious disease; • chronic stress; • radiation exposure; • autoimmune diseases. • Scientists also note that there is a link between vitamin D deficiency and autoimmune thyroiditis. • The endocrinologist conducts a survey and then performs an examination. The symptoms of the disease are varied and depend on the degree of hypothyroidism: • puffiness of the face, swelling around the eyes; 128 ACADEMIC RESEARCH IN MODERN SCIENCE International scientific-online conference • cold, dry, flaky skin; • swelling of the hands and feet; • increased blood pressure; • decreased heart rate; • slow movements; • impaired coordination. The doctor measures blood pressure (BP) and determines the heart rate (HR). Hypothyroidism is characterized by hypotension and a decreased heart rate. • Patients with suspected autoimmune thyroiditis undergo tests: • Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). Produced in the brain. Activates the production of thyroid hormones. Autoimmune thyroiditis is accompanied by tissue destruction, decreased synthesis of the corresponding hormones in the thyroid gland. The pituitary gland registers a decrease in the hormone content in the blood and increases the production of stimulating thyroid-stimulating hormone. Thus, TSH increases; • Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). The main hormones produced in the thyroid gland. They participate in all metabolic physiological processes. A decrease in the content of these hormones against the background of increased TSH confirms the diagnosis; • Thyroglobulin antibodies (AT-TG) and thyroid peroxidase antibodies. Thyroglobulin is a substance from which thyroid hormones are synthesized in the process of a chemical reaction, it is called a prohormone or precursor. Thyroid peroxidase is an enzyme that participates in the synthesis of T3 and T4. Against the background of autoimmune thyroiditis, the immune system produces antibodies that attack the prohormone and enzyme, blocking the production of hormones. The following tests are not mandatory, but may be performed to evaluate complications of hypothyroidism: • Complete bl