The History of The Study of The Jizzakh Orda Based on Archaeological and Written Sources

Аннотация

The article examines the history of the Jizzakh Horde, one of the main cities of the Jizzakh oasis located in the center of the Transoxiana River, from the 14th to the 19th centuries, based on archaeological and written sources. It is scientifically proven that the Jizzakh Horde was restored during the reign of Amir Temur after the Mongol invasion and acquired the status of an important military-strategic city, and that during the period of the Central Asian khanates, the Horde functioned as the economic and administrative center of the Jizzakh oasis. Keywords: Jizzakh Horde, Qaliyatepa, Amir Temur era, Mongol invasion, written sources, archaeological objects, Central Asian khanates, Russian invasion, Old City. only in the capital of a khanate or emirate, but also in Introduction: The term Horde in ancient Turkic and the capital of a region or principality of a certain state, Mongolian languages meant the military- occupying a leading socio-economic position, a administrative headquarters of a union of nomadic political, and geographical position, located in an pastoral tribes. In the Middle Ages, this term was important border area, and of local importance. The so- considered the residence of the highest-ranking rulers called Horde, the Karshi fortress, the Shahrisabz of states that controlled a vast territory, the main fortress, Uratepa, and of course the Jizzakh Horde, and population of which was semi-nomadic and settled. others, can be considered the Horde of the regions or These include historical cities such as the Golden principalities described above in terms of their Horde, the White Horde, the Blue Horde (Berka Saray), characteristics and activities. and the Red Horde. The largest and oldest urban monument of the oasis, During the period of the Central Asian khanates, the the Jizzakh Horde, is located 6 km northwest of Horde was formed as a capital city, which included the Kaliyatepa, on the right bank of the Sangzar River, in the Khan's palace, inner and outer fortresses, and other area of the present-day city of Jizzakh called "Old City". administrative buildings in its structural system, and The land on which the Horde was located had a number was architecturally complete and made up of complex of advantages due to its flatness, spaciousness, fertility, construction methods from a defensive point of view. and its location on a slope relative to Sangzar. The All state administration departments of the khanate - Horde was also located on the route of the caravan the main divan, ministerial offices, the secretariat route that crossed Mirzachul, at the beginning of the (mirzalik), the Khan's private palace, the reception hall, Nurata - Forish - Utrar road. The Horde protected the and the harem - were located in the Horde. The Jizzakh oasis from the west, northwest, north, and architectural and functional features of the Kokand northeast. The military forces that entered the oasis Horde, the Tashkent Horde, the Bukhara Ark, and the from these directions encountered resistance from the Ichan and Dishan fortresses of Khiva were intended for Horde. At a certain point in the late Middle Ages, the the above-mentioned activities . [1] defenders of Kaliyatepa resisted invaders from the Historical and ethnographic data, toponymic terms south and east. So, the construction of the Horde was show that during this period, an administrative center a carefully thought-out oasis, built in the most was created that fully possessed the above qualities not necessary and desirable place in terms of protection. International Journal Of History And Political Sciences 17 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ijhps International Journal Of History And Political Sciences (ISSN – 2771-2222) Written sources do not provide precise information According to archaeological reports, the microrelief of about when the Horde was founded and what its status the Horde before its destruction was typical of an urban was during its initial construction (city, fortress, village). monument, with clearly defined locations of the ark This problem has not been resolved even through (governor's palace), the city hall, defensive archaeological excavations and research. fortifications, neighborhoods, squares, ditches, and ponds. A medieval crypt built of adobe bricks and the In one of his scientific works, Y.F. Fulomov states that site of several mosques have also been identified. “the Jizzakh fortress (Horde) stood on the site of the Artifacts and pottery samples found in the Horde date ancient city of Jizzakh.” [2] Undoubtedly, the concept back to the 9th-12th; 14th-16th; 17th-19th centuries. of the ancient city of Jizzakh refers to the ancient and [4] Several samples of pottery found in the Horde, medieval city of Jizzakh - Dizak. Thus, according to the which are kept in the collection of the Jizzakh Regional famous scientist, there was a city with a history dating Museum of Local Lore, were dated by archaeologist M. back almost to the 20th ce