Arabic Verb Tenses and Their Grammatical Analysis

Аннотация

Verbs hold significant importance in all languages of the world, playing a central role in linguistic structure. Among world languages, Arabic stands out for its unique grammatical rules and is considered one of the richest languages in terms of vocabulary. In this article, we examine the classification of verbs according to tense in Arabic, the rules governing their usage, and the distinctive features that differentiate them from one another. Keywords: Arabic language, verb tenses, arabic verbs, grammatical analysis, morphology, syntax. because each of them indicates an action that took Introduction: The Arabic is one of the richest languages place at a certain time. If you consider the tense of the in the world, with very extensive and diverse verbs in these examples, you will know that they all grammatical rules. Verbs in Arabic are divided into two main tenses: the "past tense" and the "present-future belong to the past tense. For example, the word "ىرَ جَ " (ran) in the first example indicates that the running tense," with an additional imperative form. Each tense has its own specific formation and usage, which is of happened before the time of speaking. The word " فَ َقوَ" (stopped) in the second example also means that the great importance in learning the language. stopping occurred before the speech — similarly for the 1. Past tense (يضاملا): others. Therefore, each of these words is called a "past يضاملا نمزلا يف لمع لوصح ىلع لدي لعف لك وه يضاملا لعفلا tense verb." All words belonging to this group are named accordingly. (The past tense verb is any verb that indicates that an Thus, the past tense verb expresses that an event or action or event occurred in the past.) action has passed. Certain suffixes or changes are ةلثملأا: Examples: added to the end of the verb to agree with person, number, and gender. ب لكلا ىرَ جَ — The dog ran, For example, if we look at the verb "لعف" (to do) ل جرَّ لا فَ َقوَ — The man stopped, conjugated in the past tense: ت نِْبلْا تِ ءَ اجَ — The girl came, 1. لَ عف – he (male) did. ب اتكِ لا عَ اض — The book was lost, 2. تْ َلعف – she (female) did. ةجاجدلا تضاب — The hen laid an egg. 3. لاعف – they two (male) did. لُّ دَي اهنم ًلاك نلأ ؛ لااعفأ اهدجت ةقباسلا ةلثملأا يف ىلولأا تاملكلا لمأت اهنم لك يف نَ مَ زَّ لا اذه تَ رْ َّبَدَت اذِإوَ ، صاخ نمز يف لمَ ع لوصح ىَلعَ 4. اتَلعف – they two (female) did. ىرجلا ىلع لُّ دت لولأا لاثملا يف » ىرَ جَ « ةملكف ، ًايضام ًانمز هَتدْ جَ وَ 5. اولعف – they (males) did. لدت يناثلا لاثملا يف » فقو« ةملكو ؛ ملكتلا لبق ىضم يذلا نمزلا يف 6. نَ لْعف – they (females) did. كلذلو ، ارجَ مَّ لهَ و ، اضً يَْأ ملكتلا لَ بَْق ىضَ مَ يذلا نمزلا يف فوقولا ىلع نم ىتلا تاملكلا عيمج كلذكو ، ًايضام ًلاعف« تاملكلا نم ةملك لك ىمَّ س ت 7. تَ لْعف – you (male) did. ِ عوَّْنلا اذه . 8. تِ لْعف – you (female) did. If you pay attention to the first words in the previous 9. امتلْعف – you two (male) did. examples, you will see that all of them are verbs. This is 10. امتلْعف – you two (female) did. American Journal Of Philological Sciences 231 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajps American Journal Of Philological Sciences (ISSN – 2771-2273) 11. متلْعف – you all (males) did. ب لكلا ح َبنَْي — The dog is barking. 12. ن تلْعف – you all (females) did. يبايِث س َبلَْأ — I put on my clothes. 13. ت لْعف – I did. سراحَ لا هبَتنَْي — The guard is alert. 14. انلْعف – we did. ِةرَ ك لْاِب ب َعلَْن — We play with the ball. In Arabic, verbs conjugate in 14 forms. Unlike Uzbek, ت نِْبلْا ل ك ْ أَت — The girl is eating. Arabic also has a dual form. لو قح لا يف يشمْ َن — We walk in the fields There are also particles that emphasize the past tense لمَ عَ ىَلعَ لُّ دي اهنم لاك نلأ ، لاعفأ اهلك ةقباسلا ةلثملأا يف ىلولأا تاملكلا verb. These are the particles دْ َق and دْ َقَل. When added to امَّ ِإ هَتدْ جَ و اهنم لك يف صَّ اخَ لا نَ مَ زَّ لا اذه تَ رْ َّبَدَت اذإو . صاخ نمَ زَ يف a past tense verb, they emphasize that the action has نمزلا يف لسغلا لوصح ىَلعَ لُّ دَي ، ل سِ غْ َأ ل عفلاف ، لاَبقَْتسْ م امَّ ِإو ًارضاح definitely been completed. For example: يف سبللا لوصح ىلع ل دَي ، س َبلَْأ « لعفلاو ، لبقتسملا وأ رضاحلا ةسردملا ىلإ بهذ — translates as "He went to school," ً اعراضم ًلاعف« عونلا اذه نم لعف لك ىمَّ سَ يو ، لبقتسملا وأ رضاحلانمزلا » . whereas هَتدْ جَ وَ اههابشَأوَ لاعفلأا هِذِه نْ مِ لعف لك يف لولأا فرحلا ىلإ تَ رْ ظَ َن اذِإو ةسردملا ىلإ بهذ دقل — means "He has already gone to فرحأ « ةعبرلأا فرحلأا هذه ىمَّ سَ تو ، ءات وأ ءاي وأ ًانون وأ ةزمه school," emphasizing that the action is certainly done. ةعراضملا ». Also, every language has negation forms for verb The first words in the above examples are verbs tenses. In Arabic, to negate the past tense verb, we use because each of them denotes an action occurring at a the negation particle ام (ma). For example: certain time. If we carefully examine the tense of each باتكلا دمحأ أرق — means "Ahmad read the book," of these actions, we see that they indicate the present or future tense. but with negation: For example, th