THE ROLE OF VERBAL ASSOCIATIONS IN THE FORMATION OF PARADIGMS

Аннотация

This article analyzes the issue of linguistic paradigms, which is considered an important phenomenon in linguistics. The issue of the role of associative thinking in the formation of different paradigms has been studied. Key words: paradigm, associative thinking, association, stimulus, linguistic relations, antonymy, homonymy, paronymy. Annotatsiya. Ushbu maqolada tilshunoslikdagi muhim hodisa hisoblangan lingvistik paradigmalar masalasi tahlil qilingan. Turli paradigmalarning hosil bo‘lishida assotsiativ tafakkurning o‘rni masalasi o‘rganilgan. Kalit so‘zlar: paradigma, assotsiativ tafakkur, assotsiatsiya, stimul, lingvistik munosabatlar, antonimiya, omonimiya, paronimiya. One of the independent branches of anthropocentric linguistics that studies language in relation to the factor of the person using it is associative linguistics. In associative linguistics, language is conceived not only as a system consisting of a set of interacting units, but also as a verbal network that is associatively connected with each other. The word “association“ comes from the Latin word “associato“ - “to connect“, “to unite“. The German scientist W. Humboldt was the first to comment on associations in language. W. Humboldt, analyzing the dialectics of objectivity and subjectivity, noted that mutual understanding occurs due to the fact that “people touch exactly one button of their soul, and as a result, thoughts that are consistent with each other, but not exactly, arise in the minds of each person“1. The fact that when one lexical unit is heard or read, another one is recalled in our memory indicates that lexemes do not “live alone“ in our linguistic consciousness. These units that “live together“ in linguistic consciousness are considered the basic units that form speech structures. It follows from the above that the associative connection of language units can form certain linguistic paradigms. This article focuses on this feature of verbal associations. First, let us briefly describe the paradigm. As noted above, one of the characteristics of verbal associations is that they pave the way for the creation of various speech structures. In other words, for any speech structure, associatively connected language units (lexical, syntactic units) act as basic units. Any lexical unit, regardless of its grammatical form or meaning, depending on 1 D.E.Lutfullayeva, “Assotsiativ tilshunoslik nazariyasi“, Monografiya, T. “Meriyus“, 2017-y. 11-bet 112 Acumen: International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research Acumen: International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research ISSN: 3060-4745 IF(Impact Factor)10.41 / 2024, VOLUME-2, ISSUE-6 various factors, in human memory recalls certain lexical units or other level units, with which it is associatively connected2. According to A. Nurmonov, as soon as a word enters into a syntagmatic relationship, it is associated with other words outside the speech process in the memory of the speaker of the language according to the sign of commonality, and these associated units form certain groups in the memory. This indicates that associations are directly related to a number of other paradigms in the language. In addition to the fact that the relationship of associations with other paradigms gives rise to the classification of verbal associations, any paradigms are formed on the basis of verbal associations. Lexical units in a language are imprinted in human memory not only with their formal expression - material shell, grammatical form, semantic, stylistic-functional, pragmatic, acoustic, along with all the signs perceived by the speaker of the language. When the semantic essence is predominant, associative units are formed from these signs, which are related to each other according to the proximity, connection, contrast, etc. in meaning. D. Khudoyberganova connects the formation of associations with the meaning of the word and the specific properties of the word. In her opinion, a person stores in his memory, along with the meanings of words, information about their properties perceived in the objective world through his sense organs. Therefore, a certain word causes certain associations in the memory of the person who hears it 3. Let us consider the relationship of verbal associations with other paradigms in more detail through the following examples. The relationship of lexemes in a language according to their semantic sign leads to the formation of diverse associations. In particular, the antonymic relationship of lexical units in an antonymic relationship causes them to recall each other and form associative connections in human memory. For example, when we hear the lexeme “good“, the lexeme “bad“ is also recalled in our minds. This is a verbal association. The associative pairs “bitter“ - “sweet“, “high“ - “low“, “far“ - “near“ are formed on the basis of antonymic relationships. From this it can be seen that the associative relationship of language units forms the paradigm of antonymic words. Th