THEORY OF THE LITERARY MOVEMENT OF REALISM IN WORLD LITERARY CRITICISM

Аннотация

There is no artistic method or literary trend in the history of literature that is not related to life. The realism literary trend, as a method of artistic creation and a literary trend, is also a phenomenon of the 19th century. That is, in the 19th century, we encounter the rapid development of realism in connection with the strengthening of the bourgeoisie. Thus, the realism literary trend, as a literary trend, was founded in the middle of the 19th century in France by representatives of the organization called the “Realist School”. That is, in the 19th century, realism stood at the level of a literary school. It was not correct to associate realism only with the development of bourgeois society. More precisely, the realism that arose in connection with bourgeois society formed the realism literary trend. The realism found in the work of great artists who wrote and created in the past, in ancient and medieval times, is called spontaneous realism. That is, realisticworks written in theclassical period using therealistic literary method are called spontaneous realist works. The basis of realism is the progressive idea of ​ ​ life, people, and the era. Realism does not stop at putting forward the principle of correct depiction of life. Realism also glorifies the social ideal. Realism also gave a correct description of the revolutionary movement. Keywords:realism, literary movement, typical conditions, typical character, bourgeois society. It is known that every literary event, movement is created and formed by the order of time. When writing awork, thewriter does not thinkabout which movement herepresents. A literary movement is a union of artists around the same platform based on their artistic styles. That is, if artists with a romantic perspective unite around the platform of romanticism, and artists with a realistic perspective unite around the platform of realism, they form a literary movement. Those who end with “ism” are literary movements. A literary movement is a grouping of writers in terms of ideas, professions, and beliefs in a certain era in the conditions of www.wordlyknowledge.uz ILMIYMETODIK JURNAL JOURNAL OFIQRO –ЖУРНАЛ ИҚРО –IQRO JURNALI –volume 15,issue02,2025 ISSN:2181-4341, IMPACT FACTOR( RESEARCH BIB )–7,245,SJIF–5,431 ideological struggle. The method of artistic creativity and the literary movement are not the same concept. Thus, themethod of artisticcreativityis abroader, morecontinuous concept. Writers who are close in style, that is, in style, unitein a certain literary direction, which is called thecreative method in literary criticism. Here, 3aspects are key: idea, method of approaching the truth of life, method of description. From this point of view, we can say that a literary movement is also a creative method. The difference is that a literary school is often associated with the name of a magazine or prominent artists. A literary school associated with the name of writers can be continued after them. For example: Nizami literary school, Fuzuli literary school, Vagif literary school, etc. Literary trends have spread to Azerbaijani literature from European literature. The creative method has always manifested itself in the creativity of classical artists in Azerbaijani literature. Thus, the creativity of Nizami Ganjavi, Mahammad Fuzuli, etc. is based on the romantic method. Or thecreativityof M.P.Vagif, M.V. Vidadi is based ontherealisticmethod. Literary trends can replace each other. Writers who are close to each other in terms of ideology, attitude to life, principles of describing and evaluating life events, and their artistic methods are united on a certain platform, which is called a literary trend. A literary trend or literary school constitutes the creativeunity of such writers. This creative unity isreflected inthe ideology, style, method of reflecting life, rules for constructing the plot, features of artistic language, and system ofmetaphors ofthese writers. Mikayil Rafili defined a literary movement as follows: “Writers who are close to each other in terms of ideology, attitude to life, principles of describing and evaluating life events, in terms of artistic methods, are united on a certain platform, which is also called a literary movement.” (3, 89) Literary movements arise as a result of the unity of artists who are close to each other in terms of beliefs, professions, ideas, and literary methods at a certain stage of historical development. No matter how individual creative styles the artists have, living together in certain historical conditions and environments, the same goal and purpose unite them on a single theoretical platform, in a literary direction. Classicism, sentimentalism, romanticism, realism, naturalism, symbolism, and other literary movements that emerged and operated at different stages of historical development have existed. The most widespread literary movements or methods are realismand romanticism. Realism is derived from the Latin word "reali