BIOSTIMULATING PROPERTIES OF BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE MULTIFUNCTIONAL SUBSTANCES: MECHANISMS AND APPLICATIONS

Аннотация

Biologically active multifunctional substances (BAMS), characterized by their complex chemical structure and diverse physiological functions, have shown significant potential as biostimulants in agriculture, medicine, and biotechnology. 281 International scientific journal “Interpretation and researches” Volume 1 issue 9 (55) | ISSN: 2181-4163 | Impact Factor: 8.2 This study investigates the mechanisms through which BAMS influence cellular metabolism, growth regulation, and stress resistance. Using controlled in vitro and in vivo experiments, we evaluated the biostimulating efficacy of selected BAMS, including humic substances, amino acid complexes, and polyphenols. Results demonstrate improved plant growth metrics, enhanced enzymatic activity, and elevated antioxidant response. These findings provide insights into the multifunctional roles of BAMS and support their sustainable use in biotechnological innovations. Key words: biostimulants, biologically active substances, humic acids, amino acid complexes, polyphenols, antioxidant activity, stress resistance. Introduction. Biostimulants are natural or synthetic substances that enhance biological processes, thereby improving productivity, health, and resilience in organisms without directly acting as nutrients or pesticides (du Jardin, 2015). Among these, biologically active multifunctional substances (BAMS) stand out due to their complex composition, including peptides, polysaccharides, organic acids, and polyphenols. These compounds exert a range of physiological effects, such as activating enzymatic systems, enhancing nutrient uptake, and modulating oxidative stress pathways (Calvo et al., 2014). Their multifunctional nature makes BAMS applicable in various sectors, from sustainable agriculture to medical therapies. However, the exact mechanisms through which BAMS exert their biostimulating effects remain only partially understood. The current research aims to elucidate these mechanisms by assessing physiological, biochemical, and molecular responses to BAMS exposure. Methods. This study involved the application of three categories of biologically active multifunctional substances humic and fulvic acids (extracted from leonardite), amino acid chelates (obtained from enzymatic hydrolysates), and plant-derived polyphenols (isolated from green tea and grape seed extracts) to two experimental model systems: Arabidopsis thaliana and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The substances were prepared at a range of concentrations (10–500 mg/L), and administered to test groups while control groups were maintained without treatment. The effects of these BAMS were evaluated using a combination of physiological, biochemical, and molecular assays. Plant growth parameters such as root length and biomass were recorded after 14 days. Enzymatic antioxidant activity, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD), was quantified using spectrophotometric assays, following the protocols of Aebi (1984). Additionally, total chlorophyll content and soluble protein levels were measured. Molecular responses were assessed through real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) targeting stress- responsive genes, including HSP70 and RD29A. All experiments were performed in 282 International scientific journal “Interpretation and researches” Volume 1 issue 9 (55) | ISSN: 2181-4163 | Impact Factor: 8.2 triplicate, and data were statistically analyzed using ANOVA followed by Tukey's test, with significance set at p < 0.05. Results. The application of biologically active multifunctional substances led to notable improvements in growth and biochemical markers in the treated model systems. In Arabidopsis thaliana, all BAMS treatments resulted in a statistically significant increase in biomass, ranging from 20% to 35% compared to untreated controls. The amino acid chelates were particularly effective, promoting root elongation and chlorophyll accumulation. Biochemical assays revealed enhanced antioxidant defense activity across all treatment groups. Specifically, SOD and CAT activities increased by 40% and 28%, respectively, in plants treated with polyphenol extracts, indicating a strengthened ability to mitigate oxidative stress. Protein content also rose significantly, suggesting stimulated metabolic activity. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a similar enhancement in enzymatic activity was observed, indicating the cross-kingdom efficacy of these substances. Molecular analysis showed a pronounced upregulation of stress-related genes. In Arabidopsis, HSP70 expression was elevated nearly threefold following polyphenol exposure, while RD29A transcripts also increased, confirming that BAMS activated both general and stress-specific defense pathways at the transcriptional level. Collectively, the results underscore the potent and multifaceted biostimulating properties of the tested substances. Discussion. The observed biostimulating effects of BAMS confirm their potential as effective agents