SCIENCE AND CULTURE DURING THE REIGN OF ASHTAR KHANID RULER SUBKHANQULIKHAN

Аннотация

This article analyzes thesocio-political and legal reforms, as well as thedevelopment of science and culture during the reign of Subkhanqulikhan, a prominent representative of the AshtarKhanid dynasty who ruled theBukhara Khanate. Keywords:Balkh, culture, madrasa, library, social, poet, political, history, literature, medicine. Аннотация: В трех статьях анализируются общественно-политические и правовые отношения, а также наука и культура в период правления Субханкулихана, представителя Аштарского ханства,правившего Бухарскимханством. Ключевые слова:Балх,культура,медресе,библиотека,социальный,поэт,политический, история,литература,медицина. Annotatsiya: Ushbu maqolada Buxoro xonligini boshqargan Ashtarxoniylar sulolasining yorqin vakili – Subxonqulixon hukmdorligi davridagi ijtimoiy-siyosiy, huquqiy islohotlar bilan birga,ilm-fanva madaniyati taxliletilgan. Kalit so’zlar: Balx, madaniyat, madrasa, kutubxona, ijtimoiy, shoir, siyosiy, tarix, adabiyot, tibbiyot. One of the dynasties that left a distinctive mark in the history of Central Asia is the Ashtarkhanid dynasty. The rulers of the Ashtarkhanid dynasty, like their predecessors—the Timurids and the Shaybanids—also paid special attention to science and culture. During the reign of the early rulers, the influence of Shaybanid prose and poetry could still be observed in the court life. At the same time, a number of prominent poets, scholars, and intellectuals emerged from this dynasty. Among them, Imamqulikhan, Prince Qosim Muhammad Sultan, son of Nodir Muhammad, Abdulazizkhan, Subhonqulikhan, and others can be cited. In particular, Qosim Muhammad Sultan's medical treatise serves as a notable example. Another ruler, Abdulazizkhan, who was famous in literature under the pen name "Aziziy", had an excellent knowledge of mathematics and possessed great calligraphic skills. Another prominent ruler of the khanate, who wrote poetry under the pseudonym “Nishoniy”, gathered medical scholars around him and organized medical gatherings in which he himself actively participated andauthored relevant works. [1] Among the members of this dynasty, the reign of Subhonqulikhan is of particular contemporary relevance from the perspective of socio-political and legal reforms. Subhonqulikhan is remembered in history as one of the rulers who sought to strengthen the central government, restore centralized administration, enhance social order, and establish a system of governance based on the principles of justice amidst the complex political conditions ofhis time. page1237 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ISSN:2692-5206,ImpactFactor:12,23 AmericanAcademicpublishers,volume05,issue05,2025 Journal: https://www.academicpublishers.org/journals/index.php/ijai Despite numerous military conflicts during the reign of the Ashtarkhanid ruler Subhonqulikhan, he strived to leave behind the legacy of a “Just King” by paying particular attention to the prosperity of the country. In the cultural life of this period, especially in literature, there were two streams—one representing the main literary tradition and the other outside the court. Subhonqulikhan stood at the head of the former. According to the testimony of the poet Maleho Samarqandiy, who served as the mufti of Samarkand during Subhonqulikhan’s reign, there were about 150 poets in the khan’s court. [2] Subhonqulikhan himselfwas particularly engagedin literature and themedical sciences. Numerous architectural monuments were constructed under the patronage of Subhonqulikhan in Balkh and Bukhara, including a madrasa in Balkh; Dar al-Shifa (house of healing), a large pool in Registan, a Salomkhona (reception hall), and a Jome mosque in Ark; and a chaharbagh (four-part garden) in Aminabad. Subhonqulikhan maintained a rare library containing a collection of books on medicine. He authored a medical treatise titled “Subhoniy’s Medicine for Healing” and an astrological tract titled “The Nature of Lunar Mansions in Determining Auspicious Hours.” Under the pen name "Nishoniy", he composed poetry and actively participated in literary gatherings held at the court. The "Dar al-Shifa" complex built at his command not only served as a hospital but also hosted various events. The madrasa-hospital consisted of 18 rooms and was constructed in 1697 under Subhonqulikhan's directive. The complex included a diagnostic center, pharmacy, library, and other auxiliary facilities. Regarding his medical treatise “Subhon’s Medicine”, the khan himself wrote: “The physicians of the past left us works written in Arabic and Persian. I have not encountered a single medical book written in the Turkic language. The local population cannot benefit from books written in Arabic and Persian. That is why I wrote my books in Turkic, so that our people may benefit from them.”[3] The Dar al-Shifa complex (hospital, pharmacy, madrasa, and library) was funded through income derived from waqf (endowed) lands. From these funds, stipends were paid to students ofthemedi