THE ONTOLOGICAL NATURE OF GRADATION AND INTENSITY

Аннотация

Communication among people is carried out through the understanding of the meanings of linguistic units, which constitute the main category of semantics. Semantic categories include units of meaning that have a linguistic essence rather than a logical or psychological one. These are expressed through specific indicators, meaning they are embodied in certain linguistic tools. The linguistic means of expressing semantic categories (theirexternal forms) are quitediverse: somesemantic categories are expressed both lexically and grammatically, while others are expressed only through lexical units; some are realized invarious parts ofspeech, others onlyin one. Keywords: gradation, intensity, category, quantity, quality, ontology, volume, value, pragmatic, semantic, measurement, function. DARAJALANISH VAINTENSIVLIKNING ONTOLOGIK TABIATI To‘xtayeva DilafruzAshurovna BuxDUO‘zbektilshunosligi va jurnalistika kafedrasi o‘qituvchisi Elektron pochta:dilafruztukhtayeva1988@gmail.com Annotatsiya:Odamlar o‘rtasidagi muloqot semantikaning asosiy kategoriyasi bo‘lgan lingvistik birliklarning ma’nolarini bilish tufayli amalga oshiriladi. Semantik kategoriyalarga mantiqiy yoki psixologik mohiyatdan ko‘ra lingvistik mohiyatga ega bo‘lgan mazmun birliklari kiradi. Ular maxsus ko‘rsatkichlarda ifodalanadi, ya’ni muayyan lingvistik vositalarda mujassamlashgan bo‘ladi. Semantik kategoriyalarni ifodalashning lingvistik vositalari (ularning tashqi namoyon bo‘lish shakli) ancha xilma-xildir: ba’zi semantik kategoriyalar ham leksik, ham grammatik, boshqalari faqat leksik birliklar orqali ifodalanadi; ularning ayrimlari turli so‘z turkumlarida, boshqalari faqat bir so‘z turkumida amalga oshiriladi. Kalit so‘zlar:darajalanish, intensivlik, kategoriya, miqdor, sifat, ontologiya, hajm, qiymat, pragmatik, semantik, o‘lchov, funksiya. Аннотация:Коммуникация между людьми осуществляется благодаря знанию значений языковых единиц, что является основной категорией семантики. page1089 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ISSN:2692-5206,ImpactFactor:12,23 AmericanAcademicpublishers,volume05,issue05,2025 Journal: https://www.academicpublishers.org/journals/index.php/ijai Семантические категории включают единицысодержания,имеющие лингвистическую, а не логическую или психологическую сущность. Они выражены в специальных показателях, то есть воплощены в определенных языковых средствах. Языковые средства выражения семантических категорий (их внешняя форма проявления) весьма разнообразны: одни семантические категории выражаются и лексически, и грамматически, другие — только посредством лексических единиц; Некоторые из них проводятся в разных классах слов, в то время как другие проводятся только в одном классе слов. Ключевые слова:градация, интенсивность, категория, количество, качество, онтология,объем,ценность,прагматика,семантика,измерение,функция. Main Body. The category of intensity and its features, along with its means of expressionin language and speech, have attracted theattention of manyscholars overthe past decades. There are several reasons for this. The category of intensity is universal in nature: it actively appears in the semantic structure of actions, objects, and attributes, including verbs, nouns,adjectives, affixes, phraseological units, and entire texts. S.E. Rodionova defines intensity as the increase of a feature1, relying on the views of Sh. Bally. According to Sh. Bally, the term intensity refers to the increase of measures such as quantity, volume, and value2. The category of intensity can be defined as a semantic category of pragmatic nature, derived on one hand from the categories of quantity and quality, and on theotherfrom a specialized pragmatic category that may carry meaning. N.M. Shansky defines the concept of intensity as a manifestation of the level of degree3. According to A.N. Smirnitsky: “The degree of intensity expresses the measurable meaning of quality and represents a specific form of measurable degree, defined as an indeterminate measure of quality”4. In A. Hojiyev’s Explanatory Dictionary of Linguistic Terms, “intensive form’is defined as aform expressinga feature stronger than the norm”5. Certainly, the term “intensity” can be studied as characteristic of the measurable classification of objectivefeatures of surrounding objects. Y.I. Sheygal interprets intensity as a linguistic concept that serves to reflect gradation in the manifestation scale of a feature and is expressed through tools of various language levels. Similar to the concept of quantity, the concept of intensity is regarded by some authors as a functional-semantic field. In this way, based on its structural organization, intensity can be divided into the core and periphery of a field by gradation. This again confirms that the semantic scope of gradation is broader than that of intensity. Thus, the concept of intensity as asemanticcategory in language is considered ascale of expressinga feature. 1РодионоваС.Е.Интенсивностьиеёместоврядудр