PURIFICATION OF ATMOSPHERIC AIR FROM DUST AND TOXIC GASES

Аннотация

В данной работе рассматриваются проблемы очистки атмосферного воздуха от пыли и токсичных газов и пути их решения. Подчеркивается, что загрязнение атмосферы является глобальной проблемой, которая негативно влияет на здоровье человека и экосистемы. В работе анализируются существующие технологии и методы очистки атмосферного воздуха, в том числе применение пылеуловителей и газоочистных устройств на промышленных предприятиях, снижение вредных выбросов от автотранспорта, методы фиторемедиации (использование воздухоочистительных установок), мероприятия по стабилизациигрунтов. Ключевые слова: атмосфера, пыль, естественная пыль, искусственная пыль, органическая инеорганическая пыль,газ,воздух, металл,камера очистки. The presence of particles of solid substances (metals, minerals, soil, wood, etc.) in the composition of atmospheric air or gas is called dust. The size of dust particles can be around 5-10 μm. The smaller they are, the easier they penetrate the body through the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract, nose, eyes, ears, oral cavity, and through skin ulcers, which can lead to various diseases. Dust is divided into2groups according toits nature andorigin. 1. Natural dust. Dust generated by humans, plants, and animals, cosmic dust, volcanic eruptions, and earthquakes are not dependent onhuman activity. Therefore, they are called natural dust. 2. Artificial dust. Dust generated by human activity in industrial enterprises, construction, transport, energy, agriculture, and othersectors. It should be especially noted that currently, compared to the pollution of the natural environment with natural dust, its pollution with artificial dust is accelerating. According to chemical and mineralogical composition,dust is divided intothefollowing 5main groups. 746 INTERNATIONAL MULTIDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL FOR RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT SJIF2019:5.2222020:5.5522021:5.6372022:5.4792023:6.5632024:7,805 eISSN:2394-6334 https://www.ijmrd.in/index.php/imjrd Volume12,issue05(2025) 1.Organic dust. This groupincludes wood, cotton, cocoons, leather, paper, plastics, various plants, and dust generated duringtheir processing. 2. Inorganic dust. This group includes soil, lime, marble, granite, cement, gypsum, ores, and dust generated during theirprocessing. 3. Toxic dust. This group mainly includes dust that appears in chemical industry enterprises (for example,innitrogen, phosphate, potassiumfertilizers and paint production enterprises). 4.Explosivedust. 5.Combustibledust. At the same time, it should be emphasized that the specific surface area (the ratio of surface area to mass, m2/kg) strongly influences the combustion and explosion of any body. Due to the small size of dust particles, their specific surface area is large. Therefore, they are flammable and explosive. For example, if a solid body with an area of 1 cm2 is divided into small cubes with a sizeof 0.1μm,then thetotal lateral areas ofthese cubes can reach from 6cm2 to60m2. Thus, the size, mass, and density of dust particles can strongly influence dust movement. According to Archimedes' law, if a particle's density is equal to or less than the density of air, it floats suspended in the air, and if it is greater, the dust settles on the ground. Since the density of heated airis less than thedensity ofhumid air, itis located in theupper layer ofair. 747 INTERNATIONAL MULTIDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL FOR RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT SJIF2019:5.2222020:5.5522021:5.6372022:5.4792023:6.5632024:7,805 eISSN:2394-6334 https://www.ijmrd.in/index.php/imjrd Volume12,issue05(2025) Therefore, air conditioners are installed at the top of the room, and heating devices, on the contrary, at the bottom of the room. In the spinning mills of textile and light industry enterprises, an artificial steam environment is created using special air conditioners. The main purpose of this is to reduce thread breakage and to precipitate short fibers and dust separating from the threads as a result of continuous vibrations. It should be noted that aerosols also belong to the dust group. Dispersed systems smaller than 10 μm are called aerosols. In industrial enterprises, 1 lm3 of air can contain 100 mg or more ofdust. Therefore, depending onthe safety of dust, gases, and vapors, theirmaximum permissibleconcentrations (MPC)are determined at workplaces. The maximum permissible concentration is understood as the amount of harmful substance in the air that does not cause harm to humans, flora and fauna, or the natural environment as a whole. If the amount of harmful substance in the air exceeds its permissible limit concentration, then the working hours at the enterprise are reduced, dairy products are provided to compensate for the damage caused, and additional payments are made to the salary (often the costs of treatment are paid). It is known that cement used in construction contains the element hexavalent chromium. Chromium compounds are also used for tanning leather. but in the amount of 0.001% of chromium compounds i