THE ROLE OF SCREENING IN THE EARLY DETECTION OF BREAST CANCER: A CONTEMPORARY PERSPECTIVE

Аннотация

Malignant neoplasms of the breast remain one of the leading causes of death rate among women. Screening programs aim to detect the disease before the onset of clinical symptoms, significantly improving therapeutic intervention outcomes. This article reviews modern approaches to breast cancer preventive diagnostics, including X-ray breast imaging, sonographic examination diagnostics, magnetic resonance imaging, and tomosynthesis. It also discusses the prospects of implementing individualized preventive diagnostics strategies and artificial intelligence technologies in imaging diagnostics. Keywords: breast cancer, prevention, X-ray breast imaging, imaging, sonographic examination, magneticresonance imaging, tomosynthesis. 1.Introduction Mammary carcinoma is the most commonly diagnosed malignancy among women and a leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. According to the World Health Organization, more than 2.3 million women were diagnosed with breast cancer in 2020, and approximately 685,000 died from the disease globally. The burden of breast cancer is growing, particularly in low- and middle-income countries where early identification and access to effective therapeutic intervention are often limited. The importance of early identification has been well-documented. Screening allows for the identification of cancer at an earlier, more treatable stage before the appearance of clinical symptoms. Numerous studieshave shownthat regular preventive diagnostics significantly reduces breast cancer death rate, especiallyin women aged 50to69years. Historically, X-ray breast imaging has been the cornerstone of breast cancer preventive diagnostics programs due to its proven efficacy in detecting early-stage tumors. However, technological advancements have led to the development of additional imaging modalities, such as sonographic examination, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT). Each modality has its advantages and limitations, and the choice of preventive diagnostics strategy increasingly depends on patient-specific factors, including age, breast density, and geneticlikelihood. Moreover, emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence (artificial intelligence systems) in medical imaging and molecular diagnostics are transforming the landscape of breast cancer preventive diagnostics. These innovations offer the potential to enhance diagnostic diagnostic precision, reduce interpretive errors, and tailor preventive diagnostics approaches to individual likelihoodprofiles. This paper provides a contemporary perspective on breast cancer preventive diagnostics, examining traditional and emerging modalities, their effectiveness, and future directions in personalized preventivediagnostics strategies. 700 INTERNATIONAL MULTIDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL FOR RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT SJIF2019:5.2222020:5.5522021:5.6372022:5.4792023:6.5632024:7,805 eISSN:2394-6334 https://www.ijmrd.in/index.php/imjrd Volume12,issue05(2025) 2.Methods This article employs a narrative review methodology, synthesizing current literature related to breast cancer preventive diagnostics techniques, program implementation, and emerging technologies. The primary objective was to evaluate the efficacy, advantages, and limitations of various preventive diagnostics modalities in order to assess their roles in early identification of breast cancer. Sources for this review were collected from peer-reviewed journals, reports by international health organizations (such as the World Health Organization, the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, and the European Society of Breast Imaging), and clinical guidelines. Search engines including PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar were used to identify relevant literature. Search terms included 'breast cancer preventive diagnostics', 'X-ray breast imaging', 'sonographic examination in breast cancer', 'magnetic resonance imaging breast cancer', 'tomosynthesis', 'artificial intelligence inradiology', and'early identification'. Inclusion criteria were as follows: -Articles publishedbetween 2000and2024 -Studies discussingthepreventivediagnostics of asymptomatic women -Studies evaluating diagnosticdiagnosticprecision, sensitivity, and specificity -Research involvinghuman subjects and relevant guidelines Excluded were studies not focused on early identification or lacking clinical relevance. Emphasis was placed on systematic reviews, randomized controlled trials, and large cohort studies to ensure dataquality and reliability. The analysis also included statistical modeling and outcome comparisons of population-based preventive diagnostics programs across various countries. Studies in English and Russian were considered toexpand thereview scope. 3.Results 3.1Mammography Mammography remains the primary and most widely used method of breast cancer preventive diagnostics globally. It involves theuseof low-dose X-rays to detect abnormalities in breast tissue, particularly microcalcifications an