MANAGEMENT OF THE EXTRACTION PROCESS OF PLANT RAW MATERIALS

Аннотация

The article discusses the technology of extraction of plant raw materials for the complete extraction of aromatic substances using carbon dioxide. The issue of managing the extraction process usinginformation and communication systems isalso addressed. Key words:process, food, microcontroller, extraction, automation, control system. The process of using the technology of extracting essential oils from plants with carbon dioxide (CO2 ) allows extracting from plant raw materials a virtually complete complex of extraction aromatic substances in their natural balance and high concentration (98-99% with a product purity of 99.9%), and the process control system increases the efficiency of the installation and the quality oftheresulting product. CO2 extracts are intended for use in the perfumery and cosmetics, medical, food, in particular, in thebeer and soft drink,liquor, confectionery, meat industries, as well as in household chemicals. CO2 extracts are liquid oily or ointment-like products obtained from plants using the technology ofextracting essential oils with carbon dioxide . The use of CO2 extracts eliminates the use of dry aromatic substances and makes it possible to - obtain a manufactured product of uniform consistency without inclusions of dry substances (increases) several times, the costs of transportation and storage are reduced, and it becomes possibletoautomate theprocess ofdosing finished products with extracts. The use of CO2 extraction of essential oils as a soft-mode, less labor-intensive and - technologically fast method of processing medicinal and spicy-aromatic plant raw materials is a necessary condition for obtaining natural, environmentally friendly essential oils of high quality. They retain the native (natural) ratio of all components and, consequently, the biochemical composition and physiological activity. The raw materials for obtaining CO2 extracts are various - medicinal plants, spicy-aromatic products, secondary raw materials of processing industries (citrus peel, fruit and berry pomace, meal, cake, etc.), animal products. Improvement of the technique and technology of extraction of plant raw materials with carbon dioxide is possible on the basis of research of both the extraction process itself, as an object of control, and the operation of the entire complex of devices of the extraction plant from the point ofview ofoptimalcontrol in ordertoobtain high-quality products with arelatively lowcost. Based on this, the control object in the process control system is the set of main equipment - the extractor and auxiliary equipment together with the shut-off and control elements built into it, as well as energy, raw materials and other materials determined by the characteristics of the technology used. When developing aprocess control system for extraction, thefollowing tasks are solved: -obtaining primary information about thestateofthe technological process and equipment; -direct influence onthetechnological process tocontrol it; 260 INTERNATIONAL MULTIDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL FOR RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT SJIF2019:5.2222020:5.5522021:5.6372022:5.4792023:6.5632024:7,805 eISSN:2394-6334 https://www.ijmrd.in/index.php/imjrd Volume12,issue05(2025) -stabilizationoftechnological process parameters; - control and registration of technological process parameters and the state of technological equipment. These tasks are implemented with the help of technical means including: selection devices, means of obtaining primary information, means of converting and processing information, means of converting and issuinginformation toservice personnel, complete and auxiliary devices. The extraction process control scheme provides for control of the temperature of the extractant supplied to the extractor. To measure the temperature of the extractant, a resistance temperature converter oftheLM 35,DNT11, MSR2700 type isinstalled in theheat exchanger. The analog signal from the temperature sensor output is fed to the microcontroller input. The process control circuit selected a microprocessor microcontroller of theArduino -UNO type . The microcontroller generates a control signal, which switches the thermal electric heaters via a magneticstarter. Theextraction process control system provides : -measurement of pressure (8MPa)and temperature (t = 35˚C)ofliquid ; CO2 -regulation of theconcentration of theextracted component bytheconsumptionof theextractant; - blocking – stopping the extraction of the extract when the maximum permissible required level ofphase separation in theextractor is reached. -control of theextractant supply valve. - regulation of liquid carbon dioxide pressure in front of the condenser by changing the compressor power (P=8 MPa) -regulation of pressure in theextractorbythe flowrateof liquid CO2 - regulation of the extract temperature at the separator outlet by changing the load of the heat pump. The circuit is based on a microcontroller microcontroller equipped with a corresponding set of in